Plant-based meat

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Plant-based meat products are made to mimic properties found within natural meats and are considered to be meat substitutes. Compared to meat products, plant-based meats— for the most part — offer consumers a more sustainable and environmentally friendly line up of meat alternatives. They are made using plant and other non-animal products to look, taste, and feel like meat products. Examples include: seitan, falafel, tempeh, Tofurky, Beyond Meat burgers, and Mock duck. Plant-based meats are made to resemble meat products in texture, flavour, and appearance. The primary ingredients in plant-based meat substitutes are typically soybeans (and other legumes), wheat gluten, lentils, and tofu, yuba, tempeh, and a variety of nuts.

Building meat from plants with Beyond Meats Ethan Brown.

Reception of plant-based meat

Plant-based meats present a variety of advantages and trade-offs to traditional meat products. For example, most plant based meats end up being grey in colour which is unattractive to some consumers and has been labeled the "cosmetic colour problem". Another problem with plant-based meats is that on top of requiring colour additives, they are often highly processed foods with a lot of additives in them compared to traditional meat products.

There are companies working to solve the cosmetic colour, processing, and additives problems of the plant-based meat industry. For example, Naturex is a company working on solving these problems by manufacturing specialty natural food colouring additives, and Impossible Foods is using cellular agriculture to make heme, a product that is found in blood, and include it in their plant-based burger products. Both Naturex and Impossible Foods are working to improve the attractiveness of plant-based meats to the average consumer.

Categories of plant-based meat products

Plant-based products made to replicate characteristics found in meat

Plant-based meat products in this category are specifically made to replicate features of meat such as texture, flavour, and aroma. Creating plant-based meat alternatives that mimic every characteristic of a chosen meat product is difficult due to the molecular complexity of meat . There are many molecules interacting with each-other that form the structures and chemicals found within meat products. Plant-based meats made to mimic meat deal with the problem of complexity by attempting to push the boundaries of what is considered to be "meat" based on molecular structure and composition instead of where it came from; be it plants or animals. Products that fall within this category include: the Beyond Burger, the Impossible Burger, Ahimi, and others.

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Plant-based products made to replace meat, but not mimic it's characteristics

Due to the difficulty of replicating the unique characteristics of meat, many companies have made products meant to be plant-based meat alternatives that are not made to mimic meat products. Plant based meat alternatives that fall into this category include: veggie burgers, veggie sausages, veggie hot dogs, tofu, tempeh, and others.

Functional plant-based meat ingredients and food additives

There are many meat products that are consumed for their textures, or used as binding agents, that are added to products such as prepared foods. Plant-based meats in this category place most importance on texture instead of flavour. They are frequently used to achieve price parity with meat products, increase shelf life; and retain their shape and flavour after freezing, thawing, and cooking. Typically both meat and plant-based meat products in this category are not the main feature of the dish being served. Products in this category include a wide range of fresh and frozen prepared meals .

Naturally occurring plant and fungal meat mimics

Photo of "pulled pork" sandwich made using jack fruit.

Products within this category are found in nature and are commonly used as meat substitutes. Examples include: a variety of mushrooms (ex. portobello, oyster, white button, etc...), pulses, jackfruit, and others. These naturally occurring plant-based meat substitutes mimic properties of meat by being similar in texture and/or protein content. The texture similar to meat products produced by some plants and mushrooms is through structure of fibrous material found within them, creating a "fleshy" appearance and feel. For example, the jackfruit is often used as a replacement for pulled pork.

Innovation opportunities within the plant-based meat industry

There are ~350,000 accepted plant species on earth, and only 150 out of approximately 30,000 edible plant species are cultivated for food production around the world. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 90% of calories around the world come from only 30 plant species. Plant-based meat products benefit from having the ability to draw upon hundreds of thousands of plant species for new and improved ingredients. There is a lot of opportunity to discover plant proteins with desirable properties for plant based meat products such as: desirable amino acid profiles, denaturing temperatures, textures, tastes, and shelf lives. Innovation opportunities within the plant-based meat industry include: