US Patent 7687282 Detection of transmembrane potentials by optical methods

Methods and compositions are provided for determining the potential of a membrane. In one aspect, the method comprises:(a) introducing a first reagent comprising a hydrophobic fluorescent ion capable of redistributing from a first face of the membrane to a second face of the membrane in response to changes in the potential of the membrane, as described by the Nernst equation,(b) introducing a second reagent which labels the first face or the second face of the membrane, which second reagent comprises a chromophore capable of undergoing energy transfer by either (i) donating excited state energy to the fluorescent ion, or (ii) accepting excited state energy from the fluorescent ion,(c) exposing the membrane to radiation;(d) measuring energy transfer between the fluorescent ion and the second reagent, and(e) relating the energy transfer to the membrane potential.