Kazimir Malevich

Kazimir Malevich (birth_name: Kasimir Severinovich Malevich) was born on 11th February 1879 in Kyiv and held citizenship in the Russian Empire as well as the Soviet Union. He was an artist, designer, teacher, scenographer, and costume designer, educated at Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Malevich was the founder of the art movement Suprematism, and is known for his work in the genres of theory, abstract art, still life, scenography, figurative art, and painting.

Some of his notable artworks include Suprematist Composition, White on White, Black Square (painting), and An Englishman in Moscow. Kazimir Malevich passed away on 15th May 1935 in Saint Petersburg.

Born in Kyiv to an ethnic Polish family, his concept of Suprematism sought to develop a form of expression that moved as far as possible from the world of natural forms (objectivity) and subject matter in order to access "the supremacy of pure feeling" and spirituality. Malevich is considered to be part of the Ukrainian avant-garde (together with Alexander Archipenko, Vladimir Tatlin, Sonia Delaunay, Aleksandra Ekster, and David Burliuk) that was shaped by Ukrainian-born artists who worked first in Ukraine and later over a geographical span between Europe and America.

Early on, Malevich worked in a variety of styles, quickly assimilating the movements of Impressionism, Symbolism and Fauvism, and after visiting Paris in 1912, Cubism. Gradually simplifying his style, he developed an approach with key works consisting of pure geometric forms and their relationships to one another, set against minimal grounds. His Black Square (1915), a black square on white, represented the most radically abstract painting known to have been created so far and drew "an uncrossable line (…) between old art and new art"; Suprematist Composition: White on White (1918), a barely differentiated off-white square superimposed on an off-white ground, would take his ideal of pure abstraction to its logical conclusion. In addition to his paintings, Malevich laid down his theories in writing, such as "From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism" (1915) and The Non-Objective World: The Manifesto of Suprematism (1926).

Malevich's trajectory in many ways mirrored the tumult of the decades surrounding the October Revolution (O.S.) in 1917. In its immediate aftermath, vanguard movements such as Suprematism and Vladimir Tatlin's Constructivism were encouraged by Trotskyite factions in the government. Malevich held several prominent teaching positions and received a solo show at the Sixteenth State Exhibition in Moscow in 1919. His recognition spread to the West with solo exhibitions in Warsaw and Berlin in 1927. From 1928 to 1930, he taught at the Kyiv Art Institute, with Alexander Bogomazov, Victor Palmov, Vladimir Tatlin and published his articles in a Kharkiv magazine, Nova Generatsia (New Generation). But the start of repression in Ukraine against the intelligentsia forced Malevich return to modern-day Saint Petersburg. From the beginning of the 1930s, modern art was falling out of favor with the new government of Joseph Stalin. Malevich soon lost his teaching position, artworks and manuscripts were confiscated, and he was banned from making art. In 1930, he was imprisoned for two months due to suspicions raised by his trip to Poland and Germany. Forced to abandon abstraction, he painted in a representational style in the years before his death from cancer in 1935, at the age of 56.

Nonetheless, his art and his writing influenced contemporaries such as El Lissitzky, Lyubov Popova and Alexander Rodchenko, as well as generations of later abstract artists, such as Ad Reinhardt and the Minimalists. He was celebrated posthumously in major exhibits at the Museum of Modern Art (1936), the Guggenheim Museum (1973) and the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1989), which has a large collection of his work. In the 1990s, the ownership claims of museums to many Malevich works began to be disputed by his heirs.

Family Life

Kazimir's father died in 1902. Although he had previously studied art in Kiev, the inheritance he received made it possible for he and his family to move to Moscow to further his art studies. Information about Malevich's personal life is patchy at best. He was married three times. From 1899-1909 he was married to Kazimira Zgleits whom left him. From 1909-1923 (when she died after contracting tuberculosis) he was married to Sofia Rafalovich and from 1927 until his death in 1935 Natalia Manchenko was his wife. In total 5 children are attributed to him: Georgy (1901), Anatoly (1902), Galina (1905) Una (1920) and Ivanna (unknown). Sadly only Galina and Una survived to adulthood; Una having worked to restore his reputation after his death.

Malevich in Moscow

The move to Moscow allowed Kazimir to study art at the Stroganov School of Art and to take private lessons from Ivan Rerburg. He next went on to train at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture where he was taught in Impressionist and Post-Impressionist techniques. These played a significant part in his early work, until the Symbolist and Art Nouveau styles changed his direction. Malevich became acquainted with the artists Wassily Kandinsky and Mikhail Larionov from 1907, hailing a change in his style towards the avant-garde from this time onwards. In 1910 he was invited to join the Jack of Diamonds (an exhibition collective) by Larionov. In addition he was also a member of the Donkey's Tail and Target artistic groups.

In essence Malevich was showing his interest in abstract ways of expressing himself. Primitivist, Cubist and Futurist art theories were brought into focus by these alliances. Malevich fell out with Larionov, leaving the Jack of Diamonds and instead became a key figure in the Futurist artist group called Youth Union or Soyuz Molodezhi. Between 1912-1913 most of his work was Cubo-Futurist in nature, mixing the styles of Italian Futurism with Synthetic Cubism.

From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism

Ultimately Cubo-Futurism was not abstract enough to satisfy Malevich. In his 1915 essay 'From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism' he outlined his ideas of pure abstraction, paving his own way forward in art. It was also in 1915 that Malevich produced one of his best known paintings: Black Square. Today it is still an iconic work, often discussed and referred to. It is exactly what it says it is, a black square with a white background painted on top, but it is also much more than that.

The black square has depths of brush strokes, fingerprints and colour that are visible to the viewer. In addition Malevich saw the black square as a representation of something- of feeling- whilst the white background was nothingness. The idea behind this (and other Suprematist works) is to remove form from the work in order to remove logic and reason. This freed the viewer to be able to concentrate on pure feelings instead, and to formulate this into absolute truth. The Black Square, and by association Malevich, mark a turning point in twentieth century art. It has been referred to as a zero point in painting, both for the ideas of pure abstraction that it represented and because of its impact on art.

The October Revolution

Malevich was a supporter of the revolution, and the era immediately after the revolution was one of new opportunity and possibility for him. He took up teaching posts at the Free Arts Studio in Moscow, the Kiev State Art Institute, the Leningrad Academy of Arts, the Vibetsk Practical Art School in Belarus and was a member of the People's Commissariat for Enlightenment. He continued to encourage his students to abandon the painting of form in order to explore pure abstraction. He also tried to relate his ideas of Suprematism to the new state order through his book O Novykh Sistemakh v Iskusstve (On New Systems in Art).

Interestingly Malevich was not blind to the volatility of the times he was living through. Whilst he and the UNOVIS group that he had formed produced propaganda for the new regime, he believed that post-Lenin and Trotsky state interest in art would move away from Modernist theories, and this was proved true.

Malevich in Europe

In 1927 Malvich was given permission to travel and exhibit his works. He was given a hero's welcome in Warsaw, meeting former students and being influenced about the new art movement of Unism. He also visited Berlin and Munich where he showed a retrospective that brought him international recognition. It was because of this trip that there is so much of Malevich's work to enjoy still. Having recently been arrested and interrogated by the state he arranged to leave much of the work for his show behind in Germany, in expectation of a change in his popularity back in Russia. He was right- within a short period the tide had turned and his style was more than out of favour.

The Later Years

The Stalinist regime was not kind of Malevich. In a very short period he fell very hard. By the time of his death he was not allowed to produce or exhibit the art that had brought him to prominence or to teach his theory of art. Social Realism was Stalin's preferred art movement and everything else was superfluous. Many of his works were confiscated and destroyed and he was imprisoned and interrogated again. His works were included in a state-funded exhibition, but were labelled with slogans that suggested his work was degenerate and anti-Soviet.

Malevich continued to paint, but his work reflected the changing times. Instead of the abstraction he had espoused he now produced works of peasants and genre scenes, whilst also producing portraits of family and friends. Kazimir Malevich died of cancer in 1935, obscure and overlooked. His ashes were buried, according to his wishes, at his home at Nemchinovka. He had requested to have an architekton to mark his grave, but this was not permitted. Instead it was marked by a white cube with a black square until this was destroyed during the Second World War.

Legacy

The humility of his passing has long been eclipsed by the influence that his work has extended over the art world. There have been major exhibitions in recent years, including one at the Tate Modern in 2015 to celebrate the centenary of the Black Square. His revolutionary work continues to influence artists today.

Collections

Malevich's works are held in several major art museums, including the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, and in New York, the Museum of Modern Art and the Guggenheim Museum. The Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam owns 24 Malevich paintings, more than any other museum outside of Russia. Another major collection of Malevich works is held by the State Museum of Contemporary Art in Thessaloniki.