A computer-implemented method for parallel content-defined data chunking may include (1) identifying a data stream to be chunked, (2) splitting the data stream into a plurality of data sub-streams by alternatingly dividing consecutive bytes of the data stream among the plurality of data sub-streams, and (3) chunking, in parallel, each data sub-stream within the plurality of data sub-streams into a plurality of data segments using a content-defined chunking algorithm. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.