US Patent 7086147 Method of accommodating in volume expansion during solder reflow

Solder balls such as, low melt C4 solder balls, undergo volume expansion during reflow, such as may occur during attachment of chip modules to a PCB. Where the solder balls are encapsulated, expansion pressure can cause damage to device integrity. A volume expansion region in the semiconductor chip substrate beneath each of the solder balls accommodated this volume expansion. Air-cushioned diaphgrams, deformable materials and non-wettable surfaces may be used to permit return of the solder during cooling to its original site. A porous medium with voids sufficient to accommodate expansion may also be used.