US Patent 11669882 Systems and methods for identifying item substitutions

Systems and methods for identifying item substitutions. History information can be collected. The history information can include one or more episodes from one or more customers. Each episode can include one or more items. The history information can be transformed into a matrix of observed substitutions. A neural network can be trained on the matrix of observed substitutions to generate item embeddings. Input including an item can be received. A substitution similarity between the item and another item based on the item embeddings can be identified.