Artificial intelligence is intelligence exhibited by machines. On the other hand, natural intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by humans and animals. The study and development of AI aims to simulate human functions and behavior. In computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents," any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics cognitive functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as learning and problem solving.
Artificial Intelligence, designed to perform a narrow task such as facial recognition, internet searches or driving a car, is known as narrow AI, weak AI or applied AI. Narrow AI can outperform humans at specific task such as solving equations. General AI, AGI or strong AI refer to AI with the ability to outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task. The timing of the arrival of human-level AI is not known but estimated by some experts to be centuries away and by researchers at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference to be expected before 2060.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are often used interchangeably. AI is the broader concept of the ability of machines to carry out tasks in a manner that is considered “smart”. ML is a technique for realizing AI and it is an application of AI where machines are given access to data from which they learn form themselves.
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks (ANN). Artificial neural network (ANN) processing devices can be algorithms or actual hardware that are loosely modeled after the neuronal structure of the mammalian cerebral cortex. ANN devices are designed to classify information in the same way a human brain does. An ANN system is taught to recognize items such as images and classify them based on their elements. The system makes statements, decisions or predictions. A feedback loop enables “learning” as it can be told whether decisions are right or wrong and then modify the approach in the future. Deep learning is used in online language translation and automated face-tagging in social media. Deep learning has been used to develop computer vision to detect breast cancer based on mammogram scans. Training on neural networks is also used for natural language processing (NLP) and generation (NLG).
The concept of artificial intelligence has been existent as early as the Ancient period. In China, a life-sized human automaton was made by a mechanical engineer named Yan Shi in 1000 BC. In Egypt, a Greek mathematician popularly known as Hero of Alexandria has his own works on programmable automata which presages the modern discipline of cybernetics. In 1637, Rene Descartes, identified the division between machines that might one day learn to perform a specific task and those that would be able to adapt to any job, like the difference between narrow and general AI.
In 1956 the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy for his proposed research project to investigate whether features of intelligence could be simulated by computers.
In the 20th century, AI has continually developed and still advancing. The technological advances boosted the understanding of theories and forged techniques essential to artificial intelligence. AI is an integral part of the technology industry. AI techniques and advancements have been aiding in various fields in science and technology in solving challenges.
Timeline
The Centre for Technology, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & the Law (TRAIL) has been set up by the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law (NUS Law). It's remit is ‘to research into legal, ethical, policy, philosophical and regulatory questions associated with the use and development of information technology (IT), artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics and robotics in the practice of law’.
Mira aggregates reviews from the internet and provides synopses and click-throughs to purchase products and serves as a community for consumers to ask and answer questions. The app leverages facial recognition and AI to match beauty consumers with products that match their face shape, skin tone, skin type and price range.
With the launch of artificial intelligence-powered diabetic retinopathy eye exams at its in-store CarePortMD clinics in Delaware and Pennsylvania, Albertsons has become the first retailer to offer the diagnostic technology.
Human drivers are in every vehicle so they can monitor or take control when needed.
Scientists on how organisms process chemical information uncovered coding strategies relevant to problems in AI.
Computer algorithms trained on the images of thousands of preserved plants have learned to automatically identify species that have been pressed, dried and mounted on herbarium sheets. The work, published in BMC Evolutionary Biology on 11 August 1, is the first attempt to use deep learning — an artificial-intelligence technique that teaches neural networks using large, complex data sets — to tackle the difficult taxonomic task of identifying species in natural-history collections.
Up until this point, most games in which AI competes with humans have all the information needed to make the decision was on the board. In Texas Hold’em, the players don’t see each other’s cards, giving each of them a different view of the game. The computer program makes decisions based on incomplete information as humans do in real life.
Researchers at Tufts University in Massachusetts aimed to find out what happens in the cells for two halves of what was once a single flatworm to become two complete, independent worms. In their paper published in PLOS Computational Biology, the researchers used artificial intelligence to solve the mystery in 42 hours.
Towards achieving artificial general intelligence, a research team built on DeepMind’s DQN and published in Nature that it learns to play different Atari games using meaningful abstraction from previous games it has played. The computer uses deep multitask reinforcement learning combined with deep-transfer learning to enable it to sue the same deep neural network across different types of games.
In the paper, "Building high-level features using large scale unsupervised learning", researchers at Stanford and Google including Jeff Dean and Andrew Ng showed that it was possible to achieve a face detector with only unlabeled data.
People
Amit Singhal
Andrew Ng
Ginni Rometty
Greg Brockman
Jeff Dean
John McCarthy
Sebastian Thrun
Yann LeCun
Further reading
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics - UK-RAS White Paper
2018
Artificial intelligence is changing the way we farm
Jeremy Deaton
Web
July 24, 2019
Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence - Future of Life Institute
Web
June 1, 2016
Human-Empowered Artificial Intelligence: AI 3.0
Tom Kehler
Web
March 10, 2020
Many Experts Say We Shouldnt Worry About Superintelligent Ai Theyre Wrong - IEEE Spectrum
Web
Patenting Considerations for Artificial Intelligence in Biotech and Synthetic Biology
Web
Using neuroscience to develop artificial intelligence
Web
February 15, 2019
Documentaries, videos and podcasts
Andrew Ng: Artificial Intelligence is the New Electricity
Feb 2, 2017
Can we build AI without losing control over it?
Machine Learning: Living in the Age of AI | A WIRED Film
Jun 20, 2019
Companies
CrowdSmart
Tom Kehler
San Francisco
improving investment decisions through human powered AI