introduction
Human evolution consists not only in social factors, which today play a very important role in the formation of modern human society, but also in biological factors of evolution. The history of mankind began directly with
them. Man, like other biological species, appeared on Earth as a result of the interrelated action of the factors of the evolution of the living world. It is believed that biological evolution has remained in the past, when the main roles in human development were played by: mutational variability, isolation, gene drift, population waves, the struggle for existence and
natural selection. Indeed, many of them have gone by the wayside,
but it doesn't pay to forget that evolution is a very long process, after 25 million years ago, BC, in many sources on the planet lived the ancestors of the great apes- dryopithecus, and the 9 million years ago BC the ancestors of the human race
started to live a gregarious lifestyle, there bipedalism.
With each new stage, the time interval was shortened, and already 40 thousand years ago BC, a reasonable person appeared, in the yard of the XXI century new technologies are emerging, life expectancy and its comfort are increasing. We can only assume what will happen next, denying that such a species as humans is still subject to biological factors, we do not know whether our descendants will change morphologically, but did we know about it, for example, 500 thousand years ago?
Main problem-Genetic cargo in human populations
With the development of science, adverse factors affecting our health have also come to our planet. Every year, more than
a million chemical compounds are released into the biosphere, viruses, radiation, ultraviolet radiation, temperature effects and many other mutagens are present. All this affects the structure of the genetic apparatus.
Unfortunately, the number of harmful mutations is much greater than the number of beneficial ones. Each of us is a carrier of at least 8 harmful genes hidden in a heterozygous state. According to scientists, the number of congenital abnormalities increased from 10% to 12,5-15%. The situation with an increase in the frequency of pathologies in children is observed in
many developed countries of the world. Out of the total number of Russian children, only 15-18% are healthy, children with
chronic diseases are 32-35%, and children with physical and mental disabilities are 47-53%.
Hereditary pathology includes the following: Genetic or monogenic diseases . Their number has reached 4.5 thousand
diseases , and the frequency in the population is 3% . In different regions of Russia, the frequency is 4.2-6.5%. Difficult inherited diseases or multifactorial diseases. They account for 94-96% of chronic non-infectious pathology; the frequency is 1.5%.
Chromosomal diseases. There are more than 100 nosologies + 900 types
of chromosomal disorders; the frequency is up to 1%.
Congenital diseases, large and small developmental anomalies, the frequency of which is 3%.
In recent years, the genetic causes and mechanisms of oncological diseases have been deciphered. Therefore, these diseases began to be called oncogenic and attributed to one of the forms of hereditary pathology, with about 90% belonging to the multifactorial class and 10% to the MB class. OGB frequency among the elderly and senile population reaches 10%, and among the children's population - up to 1%.
It is known that genetic pathologies and mutations persist in humans throughout life, while new mutations appear. They
happen rarely, unlike inherited mutations, but this does not negate the fact that the human population is in danger. As already mentioned, the genetic load has reached, according to geneticists, 15%, so the genetic load requires special attention, because the population of the Earth increased in the XXI century.
The total volume of a person 's genetic cargo also includes heterozygous carriers of genes, according to scientists, the number of heterozygotes in the population is 3-5%. Heterozygotes are relatively healthy people, but
the genotype of such people contains not only a healthy allele, but also a harmful (pathological) allele obtained from one of the parents or caused by a mutagen. Thus, in a family, one of whose members is a latent
carrier of the disease (heterozygous), the chance of having a child with
a deviation (autosomal recessive trait) can reach up
to 50%.
Diseases are different, as they are a manifestation of dominant
signs, and recessive, so they should be studied much deeper.
Mathematical description
The value of the genetic load is usually in the range 0 < L < 1, where 0 is the absence of a genetic load.
