Elena Zubko

Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (born 10 November 1919) is a Russian small arms designer, most famous for developing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles.

Early life

Kalashnikov was born in Kurya, Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. His father was deported in 1930, that is, most of his family was deprived of property and deported to Siberia, to the village of Nizhnyaya Mokhovaya, Tomsk Oblast. In his youth, Mikhail suffered from various illnesses and was on the verge of death at age six. He was attracted to all kinds of machinery, but also wore poetry, dreaming of becoming a poet. He went on to write six books and has continued to write poetry all of his life. Kalashnikov's parents were peasants, but after deportation to Siberia had to combine farming with hunting and thus Mikhail frequently used his father's rifle in his teens. He has since continued hunting through the 90s.

Mikhail Kalashnikov in 1949.

After completing seventh grade, Kalashnikov, with his stepfather's permission, left his family and returned to Kurya, hitchhiking for nearly 1000 km. In Kurya he found a job in mechanics at a tractor station and developed a passion for weaponry. In 1938, he was conscripted into the Red Army. Because of his small size and engineering skills he was assigned as a tank mechanic, and later became a tank commander. While training, he made his first inventions, which concerned not only tanks but also small weapons, adn was personally awarded a wrist watch by Georgy Zhukov. Kalashnokov served on the T-34s of the 24th Tank Regiment, 108th Tank Division, stationed in Stryi before the regiment retreated after the Battle of Bryansk in October 1941 and hospitalized until April 1942. While in the hospital, he overheard some fellow soldiers complaining about the Soviet rifles of the time.

Seeing the drawbacks of the standard infantry weapons at the time, he decided to construct a new rifle for the Soviet military. During this time Kalashnikov began designing a new submachine gun. Although his first submachine gun design was not accepted into service, his talent as a designer was noticed. From 1942 onwards Kalashnikov was assigned to the Central Scientific developmental Firing Range for Rifle Firearms of the Chief Artillery Directorate of the Red Army.

In 1944, he designed a gas-operated carbine for the new 7.62x39mm cartridge. This weapon, influenced by the M1 Garand rifle, lost out to the new Simonov carbine which would be eventually adopted as the SKS; but it became a basis for his entry in an assault rifle competition in 1946.

Kalashnikov's first rifle.

His winning entry, the "Mikhtim" (so named by taking the first letters of his name and patronymic, Mikhail Timofeyevich) became the prototype for the development of a family of prototype rifles. The process culminated in 1947, when he designed the AK-47. In 1949, the AK-47 became the standard issue assault rifle of the Soviet Army and went on to become Kalashnikov's most famous invention. While developing his first assault rifles, Kalashnikov competed with two much more experienced weapon designers, Vasily Degtyaryov and Georgy Shpagin, who both accepted the superiority of the AK-47. Kalashnikov named Alexandr Zaitsev and Vladimir Deikin as his major collaborators during those years.

Later career

Mounument to Kalashnikov in Izhevsk.

Since 1949, Mikhail Kalashnikov has lived and worked in Izhevsk, Udmurtia. He holds a degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences (1971) and is a member of 16 academies.

After WWII, as Gemeral Designer of small arms for the Soviet Army, his design subordinates included the Germans Hugo Schmeisser, designer of the StG 44, and Werner Gruner (of MG42 fame) who was a pioneer in sheet metal embossing technology in the 1950s. Schmeisser and Gruner, as well as many other German military engineers, were relocated to the Soviet Union as part of German war reparations.

Over the course of his career he evolved the basic design into a weapons family. The AKM first appeared in 1963, was lighter and cheaper to manufacture owing to the use of a stamped steel receiver 9in place of the AK-47's milled steel receiver), and contained detail improvements such as a re-shaped stock and muzzle compensator. From the AKM he developed a squad automatic weapon variant, known as the RPK, and also the PK, which used the more powerful 7.62x54mmR cartridge of the Mosin Nagant rifle. The PK series is a general-purpose machine gun. It is cartridge belt-fed, not magazine fed, as it is intended to provide heavy sustained fire from a tripod mount, or be used as a light, bipod-mounted weapon. The common characteristics of all these weapons are simple design, ruggedness and ease of maintenance in all operating conditions.

Approximately 100 million AK-47 assault rifles have been produced by 2009, and about half of them are counterfeit, manufactured at a rate of about a million per year. Izhmash, the official manufacturer of the AK-47 in Russia, has patented the weapon only in 1997, and in 2006 accounted for only 10% of the world's production. Kalashnikov himself claims he has always been motivated by service to his country rather than money and has no direct profit from weapon production. He does however own 30% of a German company Marken Marketing International (MMI) run by his grandson Igor. The company revamps trademarks and produces merchandise carrying the Kalashnikov name, such as vodka, umbrellas and knives. One of the items is a knife named for the AK-74.

Family

Kalashnikov's father, Timofey Aleksandrovich Kalashnikov (1883-1930), was a peasant. He completed two grades of parochial school and could read and write. In 1930, he was named a kulak, deprived of property and deported to Siberia, where he died shortly thereafter. In 1901 he married Aleksandra Frolovna Kaverina (1884-1957), who was illiterate through her life. They had 19 children, but only 8 survived to the adult age; Kalashnikov was born 17th, and was close to death at age six. The eldest three offsprings, daughters Agasha (b. 1905) adn Anna and son Victor were already married by 1930, and remained in Kurya when the rest of the family was deported to Siberia. After the death of Timofey Aleksandrovich in 1930, Aleksandra Frolovna remarried Efrem Kosach, a widower who had three children of his own.

Mikhail Kalashnikov married Ekaterina Viktorovna Kalashnikova (1921-1977). She was an engineer and did much technical drawing work for her husband. They had four children, daughters Nelli (b. 1942), Elena (b. 1948), and Natalya (1953-1983), and a son Victor (b. 1942). Victor also became a prominent small arms designer.

Weapon designs

During his career, Kalashnikov designed about 150 models of small weapons. The most famous of them are:

AK-47

AKM

AK-74 / AKS-74U / AK-74M

AK-101 / AK-102

AK-103 / AK-104

AK-105

AK-12

RPK / RPK-74

PK / PKM

Saint-Petersburg, RU – August, 11th-The Lastwill project, dedicated to the preservation of crypto-savings in the event of loss of access to the wallet or various life circumstances, has reached its soft cap 48 hours after launch. Protecting assets after the loss or death of the user, the app was developed by Russian developers using Ethereum smart contracts.

There are no current solutions which allow you to save your money in case of loss of access to the wallet. The mission of the Lastwill project is to provide a convenient interface for creating specific smart contracts, through which it is possible to ensure the transfer of savings to other user wallets or purses of relatives in the event of various events.

“We are creating three applications for iOS and Android users, as well as a web portal where everyone can create and configure a lastwill contract in order to avoid losing coins,” the project’s founder, Dr. Vladimir Tikhomirov, said.

The project architecture is based on Ethereum smart contracts and at the moment the project supports only ETH wallets, but in the future with the development of projects polkadot, cosmos and rsk it will be possible to transfer the implementation to BTC, and later to most other forks. Using unique architecture to guarantee safety (which is provided by the Ethereum platform itself), the owner can create a contract, deploy it and regularly check the fulfillment of the conditions. The rightful owner can cancel the contract at any time.

The first version of the service on the website was launched yesterday; the demo allows creating contracts: http://demo.lastwill.io/

“In addition to achieving user support in the form of investment, we are pleased a community of experts has formed around the project, ready to help both with code audit and with the development,” notes Vladimir Tikhomirov.

The team plans to complete pre-ICO within a week and is preparing for the ICO in September, when the service will go into the active phase of testing and auditing.

Project site/Company: https://lastwill.io/

Slack: https://lastwillteam.slack.com

Twitter: https://twitter.com/lastwillproject

Medium https://medium.com/@VladimirTikhomirov/

Related Video https://youtu.be/iI3q_YuZhtM

Opera has launched the Crypto Browser Project in test mode with a built-in crypto wallet and support for Web3 features. The beta version of the app is already available for Windows, macOS and Android. The company's blog said that the browser is suitable for both beginners and experienced cryptocurrency users.

The company stated that it is going to actively support the development of Web 3 and decentralized applications, and for this purpose the Crypto Browser Project was released. Opera plans to make decentralized applications user-friendly, and blockchain technology more understandable for users. Separately, it was noted that the Crypto Browser Project provides deeper functionality than a regular browser with a crypto wallet in the form of an extension.

So the Crypto Corner news aggregator appeared in the crypto browser. The function combines a news feed about cryptocurrency, a calendar of industry events, posts of crypto communities, novelties from the world of NFT, educational content, podcasts and videos.

The browser has its own crypto wallet built in, allowing users to access the cryptocurrency without additional extensions. Opera also said that the browser and wallet were developed by a team of specialists from Sweden and Poland, which makes the technology more secure. The wallet works with ERC-20, ERC-721 and ERC-1155 standards. Support for Ethereum has already been announced, and support for all major platforms will appear in the near future. In addition to the regular wallet from Opera, users can connect their usual service for storing cryptocurrencies.

With the help of the built-in cryptocurrency exchange system, users can purchase coins and exchange one cryptocurrency for another. Crypto Browser Project offers users a free VPN service without additional registration and clipboard protection. Among other things, the browser has its own built-in NFT gallery.