A token bonding curve is a smart contract that takes the input of some token and outputs a new token. This creates a plethora of possible variations to drive an exciting area of research, but in SORA we use a simple model where there are two linear functions: a Buy-Price Function and a Sell-Price Function.
In simple words, the token bonding curve is essentially an infinitely liquid, decentralized central bank. At any time, you can buy newly minted XOR from the token bonding curve using some specific reserve assets, or sell your XOR tokens (which are instantly burned) for one of those assets.
Furthermore, because the token bonding curve's pricing functions slope upwards, the price increases with the token supply. Keep always in mind that with a token bonding curve, XOR price and supply are correlated, and they move accordingly.
Rarible is an Ethereum-based platform that facilitates the creation, sale, and purchase of ownership rights to digital works of art via non-fungible tokens (NFTs). NFTs are one-of-a-kind crypto assets that are used to represent unique items such as collectibles and works of art. Rarible makes use of two NFT token standards: ERC-721, which allows for the creation of one-off unique items, and ERC-1155, which allows for the creation of multiple editions of an item.
Though Rarible’s NFT platform launched as a centralized operation, its creators plan to gradually decentralize it over time, eventually ceding control to a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) that will be run by the Rarible community. Rarible plans to achieve this via its RARI governance token, which gives users the right to participate in the governance of the platform. In 2021, Rarible announced that it would launch a marketplace on Dapper Labs’ Flow blockchain, which is designed to host applications and facilitate speedy transactions.
To utilize Rarible’s Ethereum-based NFT marketplace, you must first have an Ethereum wallet such as Metamask, Argent, or Coinbase wallet and some ether (ETH). You can purchase ETH via an exchange, or on the Rarible crypto platform with a credit card. Once you’ve linked your wallet, you can browse Rarible’s NFT marketplace for items to purchase. The platform displays top sellers and NFT art collections, and allows you to search for NFTs via categories such as photography, games, and memes. NFT sellers can choose whether to set a fixed sale price for their asset, or to conduct an auction.
Additionally, if you are an artist or creator, you can use Rarible to mint your own NFTs. If you mint NFTs, you are not required to sell them and can merely house them on the platform. You must pay two fees the first time you mint an NFT — one to give your wallet permission to interact with Rarible and one to “call the mint function,” which puts your file on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and the Ethereum blockchain.
Both fees are network fees — the price of interacting with the blockchain — and do not go to Rarible. For future minting, you will only be required to pay for transaction fees, though these vary depending upon network congestion. When you do decide to sell NFTs that you created, the Rarible art marketplace makes it possible for you to collect NFT royalties on sales, meaning that you can collect a percentage of the sale price not only when you first sell your NFT, but potentially also on subsequent third-party sales of your NFT (for example, when the person you sell to decides to sell the NFT to someone else). Finally, Rarible is integrated with OpenSea, another NFT marketplace, which means that you can view and manage your NFTs on OpenSea, in addition to selling them on OpenSea for ETH or RARI.
Created in 2021, RARI is an ERC-20 governance token that gives its holders the right to influence Rarible’s development. For example, RARI token holders can submit and vote on proposals to change trading fees or add new features; act as community moderators; and curate artwork on the platform.
RARI has a maximum supply of 25 million tokens, 60% of which has been reserved for rewarding platform users, and 10% of which was airdropped to NFT holders in the crypto community (not just those on Rarible). Investors and the Rarible team received the remaining 30% of the RARI token supply.
Marinade.Finance is a non-custodial liquid staking protocol built on Solana. You can stake your SOL tokens with Marinade using automated staking strategies and receive "marinated SOL" tokens (mSOL) that you can use in decentralized finance (DeFi). The price of mSOL goes up relative to SOL each epoch with rewards being accrued into the underlying staked SOL. You can withdraw your SOL at any time by unstaking and waiting for the unlock period (2 epochs) or immediately with a small fee. You can also directly exchange between mSOL and SOL on secondary markets at the current rate.
When you stake (lock) your SOL tokens to a validator, you are helping to secure the network and participating in the decentralization of Solana. In return for locking your SOL, you receive rewards in SOL. For the decentralization and the security of the Solana blockchain, we need as much SOL as possible staked to efficient validators. With the growing number of use cases for SOL in DeFi, a fair amount of SOL is still not staked and used daily in DeFi. Marinade offers you the possibility to stake your SOL in exchange for mSOL that you can use in DeFi while still enjoying the staking rewards. The SOL that you are staking with Marinade is spread among more than 450 validators, excluding the so-called "security group" (top 19 validators). Validators are chosen by our transparent, permissionless formula and automatically rebalanced.
Antimatter = Dual Investment + Bull & Bear Tokens + Financial NFTs + Antimatter DAO + more
Antimatter is an innovative, lightweight on-chain defi derivative protocol for tokenized perpetual call and put options with zero liquidation risk and no funding fees.
Antimatter Dual Investment is an advanced options derivative based on a decentralized protocol. The product has a "market-neutral, returns guaranteed" feature, where the yield is clear and fixed at the time of purchase, while the settlement currency is uncertain. At maturity, the settlement currency depends on the outcome of the settlement price at maturity compared to the strike price.
Options derivatives are highly complex financial products, which are difficult to use and have high barriers to entry. Options derivatives often deter many users. Therefore, we are considering the introduction of simplified derivatives products to serve users more conveniently. Meanwhile, Antimatter is facing a real challenge of a plain product structure and the lack of real users. So we plan to develop more accessible products based on the original derivatives ecosystem, in order to find new growth room.
1. First-mover advantage of 'DeFi+Dual Investment';
2. Easy and straightforward to operate;
3. Stable & higher yields;
4. Returns guaranteed regardless of how the market goes (within a range of volatility);
5. Flexible maturity.
Using the FLIP token as collateral, Validators construct joint wallets on each supported blockchain. These wallets are secured through threshold encryption, multi-party computation, game theory, and the protocol’s consensus rules.
Every time swaps are processed by the system, FLIP is automatically bought and burned, paying for the emissions required to fund Validators and provide liquidity incentives.
For the average user, it’s simply a case of swapping your digital assets for another native token. No staking, no collateral, no wrapping, no special wallets. Users don’t need to buy FLIP directly to use the system. Users only need a browser and a destination address.
December 15, 2021
August 19, 2021
May 28, 1919
Lauri Allan Törni, later known as Larry Alan Thorne, was a Finnish-born soldier who fought under three flags: as a Finnish Army officer in the Winter War and the Continuation War ultimately gaining a rank of captain; as a Waffen-SS captain (under the alias Larry Lane) of the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS when he fought the Red Army on the Eastern Front in World War II; and as a United States Army Major (under the alias "Larry Thorne") when he served in the U.S. Army Special Forces in the Vietnam War.
Törni died in a helicopter crash during the Vietnam War and he was promoted to the rank of major posthumously. His remains were located three decades later and then buried in Arlington National Cemetery; he is the only former member of the Waffen-SS known to be interred there.
Christened Lauri Allan Törni, he was born in Viipuri, Viipuri Province, Finland, to ship captain Jalmari (Ilmari) Törni, and his wife, Rosa (née Kosonen). He had two sisters: Salme Kyllikki (b. 1920) and Kaija Iris (b. 1922). An athletic youth, Törni was an early friend of future Olympic Boxing Gold Medalist Sten Suvio. After attending business school and serving with the Civil Guard, Törni entered military service in 1938, joining Jaeger Battalion 4 stationed at Kiviniemi; when the Winter War began in November 1939, his enlistment was extended and his unit confronted invading Soviet troops at Rautu.
During the battles at Lake Ladoga, Törni took part in the destruction of the encircled Soviet divisions in Lemetti.
His performance during these engagements was noticed by his commanders, and toward the end of the war, he was assigned to officer training where he was commissioned a Vänrikki (2nd lieutenant) in the reserves. After the Winter War, in June 1941, Törni went to Vienna, Austria for seven weeks of training with the Waffen-SS, and returned to Finland in July; as a Finnish officer, the Germans recognized him as an Untersturmführer. Most of Törni's reputation was based on his successful actions in the Continuation War (1941–44) between the Soviet Union and Finland. In 1943, a unit informally named Detachment Törni was created under his command. This was an infantry unit that penetrated deep behind enemy lines and soon enjoyed a reputation on both sides of the front for its combat effectiveness. One of Törni's subordinates was future President of Finland Mauno Koivisto. Koivisto served in a reconnaissance company under Törni's command during the Battle of Ilomantsi, the final Finnish-Soviet engagement of the Continuation War, during July and August 1944. Törni's unit inflicted such heavy casualties on Soviet units that the Soviet Army placed a bounty of 3,000,000 Finnish marks on his head. He was decorated with the Mannerheim Cross on 9 July 1944.
The September 1944 Moscow Armistice required the Finnish government to remove German troops from its territory, resulting in the Lapland War; during this period, much of the Finnish Army was demobilized, including Törni, leaving him unemployed in November 1944. In January 1945, he was recruited by the Pro-German resistance movement in Finland and left for saboteur training in Germany, with the intention of organizing resistance in case Finland was occupied by the Soviet Union. The training was prematurely ended in March, but as Törni could not secure transportation to Finland, he joined a German unit to fight Soviet troops near Schwerin, Germany. He surrendered to British troops in the last stages of World War II and eventually returned to Finland in June 1945 after escaping a British POW camp in Lübeck, Germany.
As his family had been evacuated from Karelia, Törni sought to rejoin them in Helsinki but was arrested by Valpo, the Finnish state police. After escaping, he was arrested a second time in April 1946, and tried for treason for having joined the German military. After a trial from October to November, he received a six-year sentence in January 1947. Imprisoned at the Turku provincial prison, Törni escaped in June, but was recaptured and sent to the Riihimäki State Prison. President Juho Paasikivi granted him a pardon in December 1948.
In 1949, Törni, accompanied by his wartime executive officer Holger Pitkänen, traveled to Sweden, crossing the border from Tornio to Haparanda (Haaparanta), where many inhabitants are ethnic Finns. From Haparanda, Törni traveled by railroad to Stockholm where he stayed with Baroness von Essen, who harbored many fugitive Finnish officers following the war. Pitkänen was arrested and repatriated to Finland. Remaining in Sweden, Törni fell in love with a Swedish Finn, Marja Kops, and was soon engaged to be married. Hoping to establish a career before the marriage, Törni traveled under an alias as a Swedish seaman aboard the SS Bolivia, destined for Caracas, Venezuela, where he met one of his Winter War commanders, Finnish colonel Matti Aarnio, who was in exile having settled in Venezuela after the war. From Caracas, Törni hired on to a Swedish cargo ship, the MS Skagen, destined for the United States in 1950.
While in the Gulf of Mexico, near Mobile, Alabama, Törni jumped overboard and swam to shore. Now a political refugee,Törni traveled to New York City where he was helped by the Finnish-American community living in Brooklyn's Sunset Park "Finntown". There he worked as a carpenter and cleaner. In 1953, Törni was granted a residence permit through an Act of Congress that was shepherded by the law firm of "Wild Bill" Donovan, former head of the Office of Strategic Services.
Törni enlisted in the US Army in 1954 under the provisions of the Lodge-Philbin Act and adopted the name Larry Thorne. In the US Army, he was befriended by a group of Finnish-American officers who came to be known as "Marttinen's Men" (Marttisen miehet).
With their support, Thorne joined the US Army Special Forces. While in the Special Forces, he taught skiing, survival, mountaineering, and guerrilla tactics. In turn he attended airborne school, and advanced in rank to sergeant. Receiving his US citizenship in 1957, Thorne attended Officer Candidate School, and was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the Signal Corps.] He later received a Regular Army commission and a promotion to captain in 1960. From 1958–1962, he served in the 10th Special Forces Group in West Germany at Bad Tölz, from where he was second-in-command of a search and recovery mission high in the Zagros Mountains of Iran, which gained him a notable reputation. When he was in Germany, he briefly visited his relatives in Finland. In an episode of The Big Picture released in 1962 and composed of footage filmed in 1959, Thorne is shown as a lieutenant with the 10th Special Forces Group in the United States Army.
Deploying to South Vietnam in November 1963 to support Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces in the Vietnam War, Thorne and Special Forces Detachment A-734 were stationed in the Tịnh Biên District and assigned to operate Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) encampments at Châu Lăng and later Tịnh Biên.
During a fierce attack on the CIDG camp in Tịnh Biên, he received two Purple Hearts and a Bronze Star Medal for valor during the battle.
Thorne's second tour in Vietnam began in February 1965 with 5th Special Forces Group; he then transferred to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV–SOG), a classified US special operations unit focusing on unconventional warfare in Vietnam, as a military advisor.
On 18 October 1965, as part of the operation Shining Brass, Thorne was supervising the first clandestine mission to locate Viet Cong turnaround points along the Ho Chi Minh trail and destroy them with airstrikes. Two Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) CH-34 helicopters launched from Kham Duc Special Forces Camp and rendezvoused with a United States Air Force Cessna O-1 Bird Dog Forward Air Controller in inclement weather in a mountainous area of Phước Sơn District, Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam, 25 miles (40 km) from Da Nang. While one CH-34 descended through a gap in the weather to drop off the six-man team, the command CH-34 carrying Thorne and the O-1 loitered nearby. When the drop helicopter returned above the cloud cover, both the CH-34 and the O-1 had disappeared. Rescue teams were unable to locate the crash site. Shortly after his disappearance, Thorne was promoted to the rank of major and posthumously awarded the Legion of Merit and Distinguished Flying Cross.
In 1999, Thorne's remains were found by a Finnish and Joint Task Force-Full Accounting team and repatriated to the United States following a Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport ceremony that included Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and Ambassador Pete Peterson.
Shared grave of Thorne and fellow Vietnam War casualties in Arlington National Cemetery
Formally identified in 2003, his remains were buried on 26 June 2003 at Arlington National Cemetery, along with the RVNAF casualties of the mission recovered at the crash site.He was memorialized on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial at Panel 02E, Line 126. He was survived only by his fiancée, Marja Kops.
October 18, 1965
May 28, 1919