Alex Zhurmanov

Current quantum computers struggle with errors in the form of noise and loss of quantum coherence, as well as engineering challenges. However, they have found applications in fields such as cryptography and drug development.

The field of quantum technologies is comprised of quantum communication, quantum simulation, quantum computation, quantum sensing and metrology. Technologies are being developed that address individual quantum states and use quantum properties such as superposition and entanglement. Quantum technology is expected to have applications in personalized medicine, natural resource exploration, environmental monitoring and secure communications. For topics specific to quantum computing topics please see Quantum Computing.

Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor--typically a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer--an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations, for example displaying some text on a computer screen; causing state changes which should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or is interrupted by the operating system. As of 2015, most personal computers, smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together, and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past. The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are easier and more efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural languages than machine languages. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, which has strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is translated into machine language using an assembler.

TensorFlow is written in C++ and currently has API available in Python, C++, Java and Go. It would build an computation graph and execute symbolic differentiation.

By contrast, a deep learning AI program simply needs a lot of data. It gradually recognizes patterns in the data which seemingly have no meaning out of context. For the handwritten numbers, the algorithm might first notice areas of light and darkness, or lines that are vertical, horizontal or curved. These observations are then passed into a higher layer which automatically combines the line observations into shapes. This process can continue with progressively higher levels of abstraction, for example into numbers, then into groups of numbers (e.g. phone numbers or other arrangements with meaning). The way this completed can be optimized in various ways, such as through gradient descent