Victor Mikhailenko

A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

Transformers are used to increase or decrease AC voltages in electric power applications, such transformers being termed step-up type to increase voltage and step-down type to decrease voltage; transformers are also used to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power.[2] A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.

Principles

Ideal transformer

An ideal transformer is a theoretical linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled. Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductance and zero net magnetomotive force (i.e. ipnp - isns = 0).

Ideal transformer connected with source VP on primary and load impedance ZL on secondary, where 0 < ZL < ∞.

Ideal transformer and induction law[d]

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core, which is also encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force or voltage in the secondary winding. This electromagnetic induction phenomenon is the basis of transformer action and, in accordance with Lenz's law, the secondary current so produced creates a flux equal and opposite to that produced by the primary winding.

The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and the core magnetomotive force cancels to zero.

According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to its number of windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is directly proportional to the winding turns ratio.[7]

The ideal transformer identity is a reasonable approximation for the typical commercial transformer, with voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely proportional to the corresponding current ratio.

The load impedance referred to the primary circuit is equal to the turns ratio squared times the secondary circuit load impedance.

Mercedes-Benz (German pronunciation: [mɛɐ̯ˈtseːdəsˌbɛnts, -dɛs-] (audio speaker iconlisten)), commonly referred to as just Mercedes, is a German luxury automotive marque. Both Mercedes-Benz and Mercedes-Benz AG (a Mercedes-Benz Group subsidiary established in 2019) are headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Mercedes-Benz produces consumer luxury vehicles and commercial vehicles. Its first Mercedes-Benz-badged vehicles were produced in 1926. In 2018, Mercedes-Benz was the largest seller of premium vehicles in the world, having sold 2.31 million passenger cars.

The company's origins lie in Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first internal combustion engine in a self-propelled automobile. The slogan for the brand is "the best or nothing".

History

Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz's creation of the first internal combustion engine in a car, seen in the Benz Patent Motorwagen – financed by Bertha Benz's dowry and patented in January 1886 – and Gottlieb Daimler and their engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a stagecoach, with the addition of a petrol engine, introduced later that year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG).

Emil Jellinek, a European automobile entrepreneur who worked with Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG), registered the trademark in 1902, naming the 1901 Mercedes 35 hp after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek. Jellinek was a businessman and marketing strategist who promoted "horseless" Daimler automobiles among the highest circles of society in his adopted home. At the time, it was a meeting place for the "Haute Volée" of France and Europe, especially in winter. His customers included the Rothschild family and other well-known people. But Jellinek's plans went further, and in as early as 1901, he was selling Mercedes cars in the "New World" as well, including United States billionaires Rockefeller, Astor, Morgan, and Taylor. At the Nice race he attended in 1899, Jellinek drove under the pseudonym "Monsieur Mercédès" as a way of concealing his less fancy real name. Many consider that race the time of birth for Mercedes-Benz as a brand. Later, in 1901, the name "Mercedes" was re-registered by DMG worldwide as a protected trademark. The first Mercedes-Benz branded vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company on 28 June of the same year.

Gottlieb Daimler was born on 17 March 1834 in Schorndorf. After training as a gunsmith and working in France, he attended the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart from 1857 to 1859. After completing various technical activities in France as well as England, he later started working as a draftsman in Geislingen in 1862. At the end of 1863 he was appointed workshop inspector at a machine tool factory in Reutlingen, where he met Wilhelm Maybach in 1865.

Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was notably popular throughout the Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven in a model of this car during his time in power, with modified custom bulletproof windshields. Most of the currently surviving 770 models were sold at auctions to private buyers. One of the cars is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz.

From 1937 onward, Daimler Benz focused increasingly on military products such as the LG3000 lorry and the DB600 and the DB601 aero engines. To build the latter, in 1936 it built a factory hidden in the forest at Genshagen around 10 kilometres south of Berlin. By 1942 the company had mostly stopped producing cars, and was now devoted to war production. According to its statement, in 1944 almost half of its 63,610 employees were forced labourers, prisoners of war or concentration camp detainees. Another source quotes this figure at 46,000. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the labourers' families.

In 1958, the two companies began a partnership to sell their cars in the United States with Studebaker. A few American-based Daimler-Benz dealerships were converted into Mercedes-Benz dealerships when Daimler's non-Mercedes-partnered company closed in 1966.

Over the decades, Mercedes-Benz has introduced many electronic and mechanical innovations and safety features that later became common. Currently, Mercedes-Benz is one of the best-known and long-standing automotive brands in the world.

In November 2019, Daimler AG announced that Mercedes-Benz, up until that point a company marque, would be spun off into a separate wholly-owned subsidiary called Mercedes-Benz AG. The new subsidiary would manage the Mercedes-Benz car and van business. Mercedes-Benz-badged trucks and buses would be part of the Daimler Truck AG subsidiary.

For information relating to the three-pointed star symbol of the brand, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft, including the merger into Daimler-Benz.

Etymology and usage

The English verb rap has various meanings, including "to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow" and "to speak sharply or vigorously: utter a command." The Concise Oxford English Dictionary lists the year 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning "to utter (especially an oath) abruptly, emphatically, or abruptly". The Wentworth and Flexner Dictionary of American Slang gives a 1932 meaning "to speak, recognize, or acknowledge acquaintance with someone" and a more recent meaning "to speak, especially in an open and frank manner". It is from these meanings that the musical form of rap derives, and this definition can be given by shortening the witty response. The word rapper refers to a performer who "raps". By the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap ​​Brown, rap was a slang term for speaking or speaking and was common among the "trendy" crowd in protest movements, but it was not associated with a musical style. for another decade.

Rap has been used to describe conversations on records as far back as 1971, on the Isaac Hayes album Black Moses, in the titles of tracks such as "Ike's Rap", "Ike's Rap II", "Ike's Rap III" and so on. "Hayes' sexy, husky-voiced 'raps' have become key components of his signature sound." Del the Funky Homosapien similarly claims that rap was used to refer to speech in a stylistic fashion in the early 1970s: "I was born in '72...then rap meant basically what you were trying to convey, trying to convince someone then. That's what rap is, it's how you talk."

Roots

The performance of rap goes back to African roots. Centuries before there was hip-hop music, the griots of West Africa told stories rhythmically, to drums and a few instruments. Such connections have been recognized by many contemporary artists, contemporary griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources and scholars. Rap lyrics and music are part of the "Black Rhetorical Continuum", continuing the old tradition of developing them through "creative use of language and rhetorical styles and strategies".

Rooted in work songs and slavery spiritual songs and heavily influenced by West African musical traditions, the blues was first played by black Americans during the Emancipation Proclamation. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have claimed that the blues was being played as early as the 1920s. Wald went so far as to call hip-hop "live blues". A notable example of rap in the blues was the 1950 song "Gotta Let You Go" by Joe Hill Louis.

Jazz, which developed from the blues and other African American and European musical traditions and originated in the early 20th century, also influenced hip hop and has been called the forerunner of hip hop. Not only jazz music and lyrics, but also jazz poetry. According to John Sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote the Digitopia Blues, rap "bears a striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz, both stylistically and formally."Boxer Muhammad Ali foresaw elements of rap, often using rhyme and spoken word pry, both for his bullshit days in the ring and as political poetry for his activism outside of boxing, paving t

he way for The Last Poets[en] in 1968, Gil Scott-Heron in 1970 and the emergence of rap music in the 1970s.

Precursors also exist in non-African/African American traditions, especially in vaudeville and musical theater. A similar tradition is the Gilbert and Sullivan patter song, but it has its origins in earlier Italian opera. The musical number "Rock Island" from Meredith Wilson's musical is narrated entirely by an ensemble of traveling salesmen, as are most of British actor Rex Harrison's numbers in Lerner and Lowe's 1964 musical My Fair Lady. Glenn Miller's "The Lady's in Love with You" and "The Little Man Who Not There" (both 1939) have a distinct rap sequence running to the beat, as does the 1937 song "Doin' the Jive". In musical theater, the term "vamp" is identical to its meaning in jazz, gospel, and funk, and it serves the same function. Semi-spoken music has long been particularly popular in British entertainment, with examples such as David Croft's theme from the 1970 sitcom Are You Being Served? has elements indistinguishable from modern rap.

In classical music, semi-spoken music was popularly stylized as Sprechstimme by composer Arnold Schoenberg, and was used extensively in Ernst Toch's 1924 Geographical Fugue for the spoken chorus and the final scene in Darius Milhaud's 1915 ballet Choéphores.In the field of French chanson, nourished by a strong poetic tradition, singer-songwriters such as Léo Ferret or Serge Gainsbourg used colloquial speech instead of rock or symphonic music from the early 1970s. While they probably did not have a direct impact on the development of rap in the African American cultural realm, they paved the way for the acceptance of colloquialism in music within the media, as well as providing a broader background in a range of different cultural contexts other than the African American experience. to which rap could later be attached.

With the decline of disco in the early 1980s, rap became a new form of expression. Rap arose as a result of musical experiments with rhymed, rhythmic speech. Rap was a departure from disco. Shirley Ann Williams refers to the development of rap as "anti-disco" in style and medium. Early post-disco rap pieces were looking for a more simplistic way of creating the tracks they were supposed to sing. Williams explains how rap composers and DJs countered heavily orchestrated and rhythmic disco multi-tracks with "breakbeats", which were created by compiling various recordings from a variety of genres and did not require the equipment of professional recording studios. There was no need for professional studios, so the release of rap was open to the youth, who, as Williams explains, felt "locked out" due to the capital needed to produce disco records.

More directly related to the African American community were such subjects as school chants and taunts, clapping games, jump rope rhymes, some of which were linked to unwritten folk histories dating back hundreds of years and belonging to different nationalities. Sometimes these materials contain racially offensive language. A related area that is not, strictly speaking, folklore is rhythmic cheer and cheerleading for the military and sports.