Natali Kozlovska

The Royal Caledonian School was a residential home and school for Scottish orphans, initially in London and subsequently in Bushey, Hertfordshire.

The Caledonian Asylum was launched by members of the Highland Society of London in 1815 to provide a home and education for Scottish children in London who had been orphaned in the Napoleonic Wars. John Galt, the novelist, became secretary to the Asylum in 1815. The first Asylum was at 16 Cross Street, Hatton Garden, London from December 1819 until 1828 when it relocated to Copenhagen Fields, Islington. Its long residence in Islington resulted in the naming of Caledonian Market and the Caledonian Road. In 1852 Queen Victoria became Patron and the Asylum was renamed the Royal Caledonian Schools, although legally it was and still is the "Caledonian Asylum". At that time it catered for about 70 boys and 50 girls.The Asylum's band occasionally played at charitable and other events.

Buildings of the former Royal Caledonian School in Bushey, now housing the Purcell School.

By the late 19th century the Islington site, near to Pentonville Prison, was recognised as unsuitable, and a new boarding school was built in Bushey, Hertfordshire, from 1902. The Caledonian Estate was built on the school's site in Caledonian Road. Bricks from the old Caledonian Asylum were used to build two blocks of flats in Widdenham Road, London N7, known collectively as Loraine Mansions. The Royal Caledonian offered education until 1948, after which resident children received their education at local schools, in later years Queens' School which lies adjacent on Aldenham Road.

In 1996 the premises were sold to the Purcell School. The proceeds of the sale were used for the charity to operate as the Royal Caledonian Education Trust, which continues to provide support to "children (no age limit) of Scots who have served in the Armed Forces, or the children of poor Scots living in the London area". Another objective is to allow the children of Scots serving in the armed forces a level of continuity in their education despite the frequent re-posting of their parents.

• Charles Mackay, author
• Malcolm McEacharn, Australian shipping magnate, mayor of Melbourne and politician.
• James Thomson (B.V.), poet[

Charles Mackay (27 March 1814 – 24 December 1889) was a Scottish poet, journalist, author, anthologist, novelist, and songwriter, remembered mainly for his book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.

Charles Mackay was born in Perth, Scotland. His father, George Mackay, was a bombardier in the Royal Artillery, and his mother Amelia Cargill died shortly after his birth.

Mackay was educated at the Caledonian Asylum, in London. In 1828 he was placed by his father at a school in Brussels, on the Boulevard de Namur, shortly taken over by William James Joseph Drury;and studied languages.

In 1830 he was engaged as a private secretary to William Cockerill, the ironmaster, near Liège, began writing in French in the Courrier Belge, and sent English poems to a local newspaper called The Telegraph. In the summer of 1830 he visited Paris, and he spent 1831 with Cockerill at Aix-la-Chapelle. In May 1832 his father brought him back to London, where he first found employment in teaching Italian to the future opera manager Benjamin Lumley.

Mackay was twice married—first, during his Glasgow editorship, to Rosa Henrietta Vale, by whom he had three sons and a daughter; and secondly to Mary Elizabeth Mills, who was likely a servant in the household previously. His first wife died on 28 December 1859, and his second wife in 1875. The novelist Marie Corelli was an illegitimate daughter, presumably conceived while her mother was working in the household.

Mackay engaged in journalism in London: in 1834 he was an occasional contributor to The Sun. From the spring of 1835 till 1844 he was assistant sub-editor of The Morning Chronicle. In the autumn of 1839 he spent a month's holiday in Scotland, witnessing the Eglintoun Tournament, which he described in the Chronicle, and making acquaintances in Edinburgh. In the autumn of 1844, he moved back to Scotland, and became editor of the Glasgow Argus, resigning in 1847. He worked for The Illustrated London News in 1848, becoming editor in 1852

Mackay visited North America in the 1850s, publishing his observations as Life and Liberty in America: or Sketches of a Tour of the United States and Canada in 1857–58 (1859). During the American Civil War he returned there as a correspondent for The Times, in which capacity he discovered and disclosed the Fenian conspiracy.[clarification needed]

Mackay had the degree of LL.D. from the University of Glasgow in 1846. He was a member of the Percy Society. He died in London.

Mackay published Songs and Poems (1834), a History of London, The Thames and its Tributaries or, Rambles Among the Rivers (1840), Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841).

Mackay wrote a historical romance entitled Longbeard, about the medieval rebel, William Fitz Osbert. He is also remembered for his Gaelic Etymology of the Languages of Western Europe and the later Dictionary of Lowland Scotch in which he presented his "fanciful conjectures" that "thousands of English words go back to Scottish Gaelic". The linguist Anatoly Liberman has described MacKay as an "etymological monomaniac" commenting that "He was hauled over the coals by his contemporaries and never taken seriously during his lifetime". In 1877, Mackay published his two-volume Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature, and Public Affairs. From 1830 to 1870 (London: Chapman & Hall). In volume 2, Mackay describes a journey he made to Famine Ireland in 1849 (pp. 2:76–148).

His fame chiefly rested upon his songs, some of which, including "Cheer Boys Cheer", were set to music by Henry Russell in 1846, and had an astonishing popularity. Some popular poems include "You have no enemies, you say?" and "Who shall be fairest?"

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, né le 11 juin 1910 à Saint-André-de-Cubzac (Gironde) et mort le 25 juin 1997 à Paris 17e, est un officier de la Marine nationale et explorateur océanographique français.

Surnommé « le commandant Cousteau », « JYC » ou encore « le Pacha »n 1, il est connu pour avoir perfectionné avec Émile Gagnan le principe du scaphandre autonome avec l'invention du détendeur portant leurs noms, pièce essentielle à la plongée sous-marine moderne.

Les films et documentaires télévisés de ses explorations sous-marines en tant que commandant de la Calypso ont rencontré une large audience.

Jacques-Yves was born in the summer of 1910 to Daniel Cousteau and Elizabeth Duranton in the French commune of Saint-André-de-Cubzac. At the time of his birth, his parents were already raising his older brother, Pierre-Antoine. The father, a well-known lawyer in France, received a doctorate in law in his youth. Mom, the daughter of a pharmacist, did not continue the pharmacy business, she took care of the house and children. The income from Daniel's practice enabled the family to travel. Little Jacques-Yves enthusiastically learned to swim and dive while relaxing on the coast. Sea water seemed to bewitch him, but for some time he had to forget about the loads: when the boy was 7, doctors diagnosed him with chronic enteritis, the cause of the unnatural thinness of the baby.

During the First World War, his father lost his job, and the family moved to the States, where he was offered a job in a law firm. The sons were sent to school, where they willy-nilly began to learn English. Cousteau was twelve when the whole family returned to their homeland. Jacques-Yves entered the prestigious Stanislas College in Paris at that time and became interested in invention. He built an electric car on his own, and with the accumulated pocket money he bought a Pathe movie camera and enthusiastically filmed everything that, in his opinion, deserved attention.

He decided to realize his long-standing dream of the sea at the age of twenty by enrolling in the Ecole Naval Naval School, where officers for the French navy were trained. Two years later, the group in which Jacques-Yves studied made a round-the-world trip on the Jeanne d'Arc ship. During a stop in Vietnam, the attention of the young man was attracted by pearl divers. Without any equipment, fishermen dived from boats into the sea and caught fish with their bare hands. Cousteau became interested in how this could be, and it was explained to him that fish also have a siesta, during which it is easy to catch them. Later, the ocean explorer will tell you that it was this conversation that was the turning point in his life.

Convinced that scuba diving had a great future, Cousteau received a position as an instructor while serving on the cruiser Sufren. He took up diving in earnest as soon as he returned home in the late thirties.

In 1940, France capitulated to Nazi Germany. Miraculously escaping capture, Jacques-Yves settled in the Baobab Villa in the small coastal town of Sanary-sur-Mer and began to prepare to explore the ocean.

Together with engineer Emil Galian, they developed the first diving equipment. The Musketeers of the Sea, as they jokingly called themselves, invented and invented diving suits, protective boxes for cameras that were used for filming. In 1943, together with Frédéric Dumas and Philippe Taye Cousteau, he presented to the audience the first documentary film shot below sea level - "At a depth of 18 meters", dedicated to spearfishing. Prior to this, technical capabilities simply did not allow filming underwater.At the First Documentary Film Congress, the film received the main prize. Further more. After the war, Jacques-Yves showed one of the films he had made to Admiral André Lemonnier of the French Navy, whose efforts created a group for underwater research.

A small team led by Cousteau did not disdain any earnings: they cleared the bays from unexploded German bombs, conducted reconnaissance in the Persian Gulf for the presence of hydrocarbon deposits. All this steadily led to the main goal - the development of oceanography. In 1950, Jacques-Yves received at his disposal a decommissioned British Allied minesweeper. To redeem and re-equip the ship, he was helped by a millionaire from Ireland, Thomas Guinness, who became interested in the activities of Cousteau. The ship was named "Calypso" and soon began to plow the ocean under the guidance of its captain and owner.

After the first expedition, Jacques-Yves wrote the book "In the world of silence", published in 1953 and glorified Cousteau throughout the world. The film of the same name won the Palme d'Or at Cannes and the Oscar at Hollywood.

In the fifties, Jacques-Yves created the Center for Marine Research in Marseille, became director of the oceanographic museum in Monaco, and released several new films. He was accused of predation, since Cousteau allowed to kill fish with dynamite, and he explained this by saying that only in this way can one "make an accurate account of all the species inhabiting a given area."

Throughout his life, Jacques-Yves has been on dozens of expeditions, the “Underwater Odyssey of the Cousteau team” is especially memorable. The film was released on the screens of all countries of the world for twenty years. And in 1975, the researcher was recognized as the "man of the year" according to BAFTA, he won many state and film awards.

Cousteau also came to the USSR - in 1977, to talk about the importance of protecting the ocean and its flora and fauna. The researcher was gladly received on Soviet television. Interviewed with Cousteau Nikolai Drozdov . The Frenchman also gave a lecture at the Institute of Oceanology. But he was not allowed into the waters of the Black Sea because of the large number of military facilities.

A year before his death, the oceanologist started a lawsuit against his own son from Simone. He forbade him from using the surname for commercial purposes, and the Cousteau Resort in Fiji was renamed the Jean-Michel Cousteau Resort.

lA few months later, Jacques-Yves fell ill with SARS. He was 87 years old, and the weakened body could not cope with the virus. Against the background of complications, a heart attack occurred, from which the famous researcher died on June 25, 1997. Cousteau was buried in the same city where he was born - Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac, in the cemetery where all his ancestors lie. Despite the death of the pioneer explorer of the ocean, his life's work continues to this day. Society "Team Cousteau" deals with the environmental problems of the oceans, the preservation of the heritage of Jacques-Yves Cousteau.

In 2016, French director Jérôme Salle made a sincere and poignant film about the life and family of the famous explorer called Odyssey. The lead actor, Lambert Wilson, insisted that Cousteau's human qualities, if impartial, are shown in the picture only in order to more fully recreate the "deep and sincere image of this incredible man" who did so much good for humanity.

"Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" redirects here. For the period when it was known as the "Republic of Venezuela" from 1953 to 1999, see Republic of Venezuela.

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Venezuela (disambiguation).

(/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/; American Spanish: [beneˈswela] (audio speaker iconlisten)), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi), and the population of Venezuela was estimated at 28 million in 2019. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.

Land controlled by Venezuela shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled land shown in light green.

The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba.Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District and federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.

The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part, as a department, of the first federal Republic of Colombia (historiographically known as Gran Colombia). It separated as a full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a President for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. The government's populist social welfare policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices, temporarily increasing social spending, and reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years of the regime. The 2013 Venezuelan presidential election was widely disputed leading to widespread protest, which triggered another nationwide crisis that continues to this day.

Venezuela is a developing country and ranks 113th on the Human Development Index. It has the world's largest known oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Venezuela's entire economy.The country struggles with record hyperinflation,[ shortages of basic goods, unemployment, poverty, disease, high child mortality, malnutrition, severe crime and corruption. These factors have precipitated the Venezuelan migrant crisis where more than three million people have fled the country. By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in default regarding debt payments by credit rating agencies. The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation, including increased abuses such as torture, arbitrary imprisonment, extrajudicial killings and attacks on human rights advocates. Venezuela is a charter member of the UN, OAS, UNASUR, ALBA, Mercosur, LAIA and OEI.

Evidence exists of human habitation in the area now known as Venezuela from about 15,000 years ago. Leaf-shaped tools from this period, together with chopping and plano-convex scraping implements, have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces of the Rio Pedregal in western Venezuela. Late Pleistocene hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites in northwestern Venezuela known as "El Jobo"; according to radiocarbon dating, these date from 13,000 to 7,000 BC.

It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest; it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historical groups such as the Kalina (Caribs), Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, and Timoto–Cuicas. The Timoto–Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks. Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and ullucos. They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the arepa, a staple in Venezuelan cuisine.

After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread of new infectious diseases from Europe. Two main north–south axes of pre-Columbian population were present, who cultivated maize in the west and manioc in the east. Large parts of the llanos were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture.

Venezuela is entirely located in the tropics over the Equator to around 12° N. Its climate varies from humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as 35 °C (95.0 °F), to glaciers and highlands (the páramos) with an average yearly temperature of 8 °C (46.4 °F). Annual rainfall varies from 430 mm (16.9 in) in the semiarid portions of the northwest to over 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in the Orinoco Delta of the far east and the Amazonian Jungle in the south. The precipitation level is lower in the period from August through April. These periods are referred to as hot-humid and cold-dry seasons. Another characteristic of the climate is this variation throughout the country by the existence of a mountain range called "Cordillera de la Costa" which crosses the country from east to west. The majority of the population lives in these mountains

The winner of the under-23 road race at the 2001 UCI Road World Championships, Popovych turned professional in 2002 with Landbouwkrediet–Colnago, where he performed particularly strongly in the Giro d'Italia, finishing third in 2003. Upon joining Discovery Channel in 2005, his focus switched to the Tour de France, where he won the young riders' classification in 2005 and won stage 12 in 2006. When Discovery Channel folded at the end of 2007, Popovych moved to Silence–Lotto in 2008 and on to Astana in 2009. Popovych also raced for Team RadioShack in 2010 and 2011. From 2012 until 2016 he rode with the UCI ProTour team Trek–Segafredo.

Popovych was born in Drohobych, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. He was considered one of the most promising cyclists while riding in junior and under-23 races after catching 35 victories in 2000 and 2001. He won the Under-23 Men's road race in the 2001 UCI Road World Championships after finishing second the previous year. He also won the Paris–Roubaix edition for under-23 riders and palio del recioto. The Ukrainian turned pro in 2002 by joining the Belgian team Landbouwkrediet–Colnago and delivered some strong showings, most notably in the Giro d'Italia where he finished third in 2003 and fifth in 2004, when he wore the pink jersey during three stages.

He joined the Discovery Channel in 2005 and he was considered as a possible successor to Lance Armstrong as team leader. In this same year, Popovych took one of his best victory by winning the Volta a Catalunya, which is an important race before the Tour de France. Along with the rest of the Discovery team, he won stage four team time trial in the Tour de France and showed his potential by winning the young rider classification, while helping Armstrong win his seventh Tour de France at the time.

In the 2006 Tour de France, Popovych was considered one of the Discovery Channel team's four leaders, along with José Azevedo, Paolo Savoldelli and George Hincapie After failing to be among the best for the overall classification in the Pyrenees mountain stages, Popovych won stage 12 by repeatedly attacking his fellow break-away compatriots Alessandro Ballan, Óscar Freire and Christophe Le Mével. During 2006 season he also won stages at the Vuelta a Castilla y León and Tour de Georgia, where he finished third.

Popovych mainly worked as a domestique during 2007 season, aiding Alberto Contador to win Paris–Nice and the Tour de France. Early in the season, he won the fifth stage in Paris–Nice after attacking 33 kilometres (21 miles) from the finishing line.[8] He was considered as the team leader for the Giro d'Italia, but he withdrew in the twelfth stage after suffering two crashes in the race. In the Tour de France, he finished eighth while working for Discovery Channel team-mates Contador and Levi Leipheimer

In 2008, Popovych moved to Silence–Lotto squad after Discovery Channel announced that it would cease operations at the end of 2007.[9]

Popovych was recruited as a domestique member of the Tour de France team primarily to support lead rider Cadel Evans, but had a rather disappointing year, with only a 3rd place in Paris–Nice to show for. At the end of the year, it was announced he would team up with his former Discovery manager Johan Bruyneel again in 2009, joining the new Astana team.

In 2009, Popovych and Armstrong joined the Kazakh-based cycling squad Astana, where many other former Discovery Channel riders and staff were also under contract. Popovych acted as a domestique for Contador in Paris–Nice, finishing 23rd himself.

On 15 October 2009 it was reported that Popovych would move to Team RadioShack for the 2010 season

In 2010 Popovych followed many former Astana riders to the newly created American based squad Team RadioShack.

In January 2011 Popovych was incriminated in the Floyd Landis doping allegations against the U.S. Postal Service cycling team, after Sports Illustrated magazine reported that in November 2010 his property in Tuscany had been searched by Federal Officials who discovered drug testing documents, medical supplies and performance-enhancing drugs as well as evidence of links to controversial Italian physician Michele Ferrari.Later that day Popovych denied the allegations. The 2012 USADA Report later tied him directly to going to training camps set up by Ferrari and performing blood transfusions while a part of the Discovery team