SHAROPOV NODIRJON

The Flare Network is a distributed network whereby nodes run the Avalanche consensus protocol [Roc18] with a key

adaptation to a Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA) consensus topology [CC19]. The Flare Network leverages the

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), enabling the network to run Turing complete smart contracts. The combined usage

of the FBA consensus topology with a Turing complete smart contract layer makes Flare a scalable public smart contract

network that does not require a native token for safety. This is a useful property as the cost to attack network safety in

networks that do leverage a token for safety is related to the speculative value of the token, therefore facilitating an

incentive in these networks to create a double-spend attack whereby the cost of an attack is lower than the reward from

the successful double-spend.

Instead of being used for network safety, Flare’s native token, the Spark introduced in section 3, is used to trustlessly

issue tokens from non-Turing complete networks, such as XRP, onto Flare so that they can be leveraged in Turing

complete smart contracts. Crucially, this trustless issuance on Flare does not require the cooperation of the non-Turing

complete networks, meaning that the other networks do not have to make any changes to their protocol to enable

the issuance on Flare. The Flare Network can then cooperate with interoperability protocols that do require bilateral

protocol cooperation for cross-network asset issuance, such as Cosmos [ICS20], meaning that Flare can act as a unified

frictionless pipeline of non-Turing complete assets into these networks.

Governance over the network and a wide set of parameters is achieved through Spark token ownership, as discussed in

section 5. This allows Flare and its core applications to be highly dynamic, upgradable and increasing in utility.