Ivan Semchuk

Jean-Pierre Chrétien (fr. Jean-Pierre Chrétien, September 18, 1937, Lille, France) is a French historian-Africanist, ethnographer, specialist in the Great Lakes region of Africa. Author of a number of works on the history of the region, including one noted as fundamental L'Afrique des grands lacs. Deux mille ans d'histoire (from French - "The Great Lakes of Africa: Two thousand years of history"), for which in 2000 he received the Grand Prix of the festival "Les Rendez-vous de l'histoire".

Chevalier of the Legion of Honor and winner of the French literary prize "Luc Durand-Reville"rufr. Member of the "Burundian-French historical School". Member of the International Tribunal for Rwanda and a number of other organizations that investigated the 1994 genocide. The author of a book commissioned by Reporters Without Borders and UNESCO on the role of the media in this event.

The author of the scientific theory that before the arrival of Europeans, there was no de facto national division in Rwanda. This theory is not accepted by all representatives of the scientific community and is criticized by a number of other African historians. In particular, as a "reward" for her "invention", Chretien received a parody award named after the Soviet pseudoscientist Trofim Lysenko.

A telescopic sight, commonly called a scope informally, is an optical sighting device based on a refracting telescope.[1] It is equipped with some form of a referencing pattern – known as a reticle – mounted in a focally appropriate position in its optical system to provide an accurate point of aim. Telescopic sights are used with all types of systems that require magnification in addition to reliable visual aiming, as opposed to non-magnifying iron sights, reflector (reflex) sights, holographic sights or laser sights, and are most commonly found on long-barrel firearms, particularly rifles, usually via a scope mount. The optical components may be combined with optoelectronics to form a digital night scope or a "smart scope".

• A token is a metal badge indicating belonging to a society, organization, and also issued in memory of an event.
• A coin-shaped token is a metal or plastic circle that replaces a coin (for example, in shopping and slot machines, the subway), during various rituals (a coronation token, a mark of admission to communion).
• The counting token is the historical predecessor of the coin-shaped token, used in accounting in the Middle Ages and early Modern times.
• A badge of a serviceman (medallion) is a medallion issued to a serviceman by his command, designed to guarantee the identification of his body in case of death.

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is a biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water (Salt Water) and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.

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