Darina Myasnikova

Severe style is a trend in realistic Soviet painting, characteristic of the turn of the 1950s and 1960s.

The main representatives of the "severe style":

Hero of Socialist Labor, People's Artist of the USSR, Academician Izzat Klychev (1923-2006)

Hero of Socialist Labor, People's Artist of the USSR, Academician Tahir Salakhov (1928-2021)

People's Artist of the USSR, Academician Viktor Ivanov (b. 1924)

People's Artist of the USSR, Academician Andrey Vasnetsov (1924-2009)

People's Artist of the USSR, Academician Geliy Korzhev (1925-2012

People's Artist of the USSR, Academician Pyotr Ossovsky (1925-2015)

People's Artist of the RSFSR, Academician Obrosov, Igor Pavlovich (1930-2010)

People's Artist of the Russian Federation, Academician Nikolai Andronov (1929-1998)

People's Artist of the Russian Federation, Academician Nikonov, Pavel Fedorovich (b. 1930)

Victor Popkov (1932-1974)

Smolin brothers

Mikhail Savitsky

Babikov, Stanislav Gennadievich (1934-1977), member of the Seven group (creative association)

Yevgeny Adolfovich Kibrik (original name Herts Adolfovich Kibrik (1906-1978) - Soviet painter, graphic artist, illustrator, teacher. People's Artist of the USSR (1967). Laureate of the Stalin Prize of the third degree (1948).

Gorokhovets is a city of regional subordination in Russia. the administrative center of the Gorohovets district of the Vladimir region. One of the oldest cities in the region.

It forms the municipality of the same name, the city of Gorokhovets with the status of an urban settlement as the only settlement in its composition.

Population 12,617 people (2021).

It is located in the Volga-Oka interfluve, on the right bank of the Klyazma River, 157 km east of Vladimir, near the border with the Nizhny Novgorod Region. One of the oldest cities in the Vladimir region, since 1970 it has been included in the list of historical settlements of Russia. Many monuments of church and civil architecture from different eras have been preserved within the city and its environs.

The federal highway M-7 "Volga" passes through the city. Gorokhovets railway station (village of Velikovo) is located 12 km away.

Nizhny Novgorod is a world-class football stadium. It is located in the city of the same name on the Strelka - the place where the Oka River flows into the Volga. It is the home arena of the football club of the same name and is used as a multifunctional sports complex.

As part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, 4 group stage matches, a round of 16 match and a quarter-final were held here.

The total area of ​​the stadium building is 127,500 m².

The stadium's capacity is 45,000 seats, including 902 seats for people with limited mobility, along with accompanying persons. It is expected that after the end of the tournament the stadium will be used for home matches of the Nizhny Novgorod football club in the Russian Football Championship.

In the spring of 2017, former governor Valery Shantsev suggested that the stadium would be used for competitions in other sports, as well as for other major events and concerts.

The stadium is the home arena of FC Nizhny Novgorod.

Nizhny Novgorod is located at the confluence of the two largest waterways in the European part of Russia - the Volga and Oka rivers. The city is divided by the Oka into two parts: the eastern elevated Nagornaya, located on the right banks of the Oka and Volga at the northwestern tip of the Volga Upland - the Dyatlovy Gory, and the western (on the left bank of the Oka and the right bank of the Volga) lowland, beyond the river.

The area of ​​the city proper is 410.68[ km². The area of ​​the urban district, which, in addition to the city itself, includes 20 more settlements (after the accession of the Novinsky village council in 2020) is about 515 km², including 465.82 km² of territory within the boundaries until 2020 and 48 74 km² of the territory of the annexed Novinsky Village Council (according to the website of the city administration, the former area of ​​the urban district was about 460 km², according to Rosstat - 410.68 km² without village councils and the resort village). Before joining the urban district of Novinsky Village Council in 2020, 13 settlements were subordinate to the city.

Konstantin Alekseevich Korovin (November 23 (December 5), 1861, Moscow - September 11, 1939, Paris) - Russian painter, theater artist, teacher and writer. Academician of painting (since 1905). Chief decorator and artist of Moscow theaters (since 1910).

Born in Moscow in Durny per. near Taganskaya sq. He came from a wealthy merchant family.

After the bankruptcy of his father, in adolescence he moved to Bolshie Mytishchi, where he first met with drawing.

At the age of thirteen, Konstantin entered the architectural department of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, a year later he moved to the painting department. He studied with Alexei Savrasov, Vasily Polenov and Vasily Perov.

To complete his education, Korovin went to St. Petersburg and entered the Academy of Arts, but left after three months, disillusioned with the teaching methods.

Korovin, together with his friend, artist Valentin Serov, twice (1894 and 1897) traveled to the North, visiting Murman, northern Norway, and Swedish Lapland. The trip resulted in the landscapes Harbor in Norway (1894, State Tretyakov Gallery), St. Tryphon's Stream in Pechenga. Lapland” (1894, State Tretyakov Gallery), “Hammerfest. Northern Lights”, “Murmansk Coast” (1894, State Tretyakov Gallery), “Arkhangelsk Port on the Dvina” (1894,

He visited Paris in 1887, 1892 and 1893, where he became acquainted with impressionism.

Korovin's house in the village of Okhotino, Pereslavl district

In 1896, Konstantin Korovin designed the Far North pavilion, built according to his design at a fair in Nizhny Novgorod.

Participated in the design of the Russian exposition at the World Exhibition in Paris (1900), where he acted as an architect (he designed the building of the Handicraft Department) and as the author of the exposition he made 31 decorative panels (stored in the State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg). He was awarded two gold and seven silver medals of the exhibition and the Order of the Legion of Honor.

Paris occupied a significant place in Korovin's work. Urban landscapes are heavily influenced by the French Impressionists. He masterfully managed to convey the life of the French capital during the hours of morning awakening, but most of all in the evening, in the glow of lights on the streets and boulevards (“Paris. Capuchin Boulevard”, 1902, 1906 and 1911; “Paris in the Morning”, 1906. All - State Tretyakov Gallery).

In Paris, Korovin became interested in symbolism and, returning to Russia, attended lectures by the esthete artist Modest Durnov, and talked with the poet Konstantin Balmont. During these years, he painted the paintings "Northern Idyll" (1892, State Tretyakov Gallery) and "Muse" (1890s, State Tretyakov Gallery).

During World War I, Konstantin Korovin worked as a camouflage consultant for the Russian army headquarters.

For decades, Korovin participated in exhibitions of artists of various trends and associations - the Wanderers, the "World of Art", "Union 36", the Union of Russian Artists.

Since 1901, Konstantin Korovin and Valentin Serov taught at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Among his students were later famous artists: A. M. Gerasimov, N. P. Krymov, A. V. Kuprin, I. I. Mashkov, S. G. Nikiforov, M. S. Saryan, L. V. Turzhansky, R. R. Falk, stage designer Sergei Nikolaev, future teacher, writer and local historian Sergei Volkov.

In 1922, on the advice of Anatoly Lunacharsky, the artist went abroad and settled in France.

He died suddenly on one of the streets of Paris from a heart attack on September 11, 1939; buried at Biyankursky cemetery. In March 1950, with funds raised by Russian Parisians, the remains of Korovin and his wife were transferred to the Orthodox cemetery in Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois.

A large number of the artist's works are kept in the Russian Museum.

Tatyana Nilovna Yablonskaya (February 11 , 1917 - June 17, 2005) - Soviet, Ukrainian painter, graphic artist, teacher. People's Artist of the USSR (1982). Laureate of two Stalin Prizes of the second degree (1950, 1951), the State Prize of the USSR (1979) and the National Prize. T. Shevchenko (1998), Hero of Ukraine (2001).

Tatyana Yablonskaya was born on February 11, 1917 in Smolensk (Russian Empire). In 1928, the family moved to Odessa, in 1930 - to Kamenetz-Podolsky, where she graduated from the seven-year school, then in 1934 - to Lugansk.

In 1933 she entered the Kiev Art College. In 1935, after the technical school was closed, she became a student of the painting department of the Kiev Art Institute (now the National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture), where she studied until 1941. She graduated from the institute with a degree in painting (the workshop of Fyodor Krichevsky).

Throughout her creative life, she participated in numerous all-Ukrainian, all-Union and international exhibitions, among which the most significant were:

1956 - XXVIII International Art Exhibition in Venice (Biennale)

1958 - World Exhibition in Brussels.

Since her student years, she had more than 30 solo exhibitions in Moscow, London, Budapest, Kiev and other cities. The painting "Before the Start" (1947) was not awarded the Stalin Prize because of the then announced struggle against formalism.

From 1947 to 1973 she taught at the Kiev State Art Institute, her students are many famous artists of Ukraine. Professor (1967).

Since 1944 - a member of the Union of Artists of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1975 he has been a full member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR. Since 1997 he has been a full member of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts.

Member of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR (1951-1959).

After a stroke in 1999, she was confined to a wheelchair[3].

Tatyana Yablonskaya died on June 17, 2005 in Kiev. She was buried at Baikovo Cemetery.

Painting is the most popular and famous type of fine art in European culture, the works of which are created using paints applied to any solid surface. The main expressive means of painting is color.

Painting is a type of art richest in visual means: it is not only color, or rather the relationship of chromatic tones, but also achromatic tonal relationships (contrasts and nuances of light and dark), chiaroscuro gradations, graphic means (line, silhouette), the texture of the paint layer. The art of painting, due to such a variety of means, is closely connected with the picturesqueness, the clarity of the image, which gives the most complete idea of the form and space of the depicted. This explains the popularity of this art form. Therefore, painting naturally takes first place in the academic triad of "fine" arts: "painting, sculpture, architecture".

In the traditional history of art, several main varieties of painting are distinguished: easel painting (that is, paintings), monumental and decorative painting (frescoes, etc.), theatrical and decorative painting, digital images, miniature. Sometimes icon painting is considered as a separate variety.

Color (polychrome) images created using transparent (transparent) watercolors and even opaque gouache or tempera are not classified as painting, but as graphics, since the main pictorial medium (and not just material) in these cases remains the white background of paper. Color images in sanguine or pastel, even if they completely cover the background, likening it to an imaginary space, are also referred to as graphic art, but for a different reason - to the method and technique of drawing.

The concept of a genre was formed in the visual arts relatively recently, but already in the rock carvings and the art of the Ancient World, the forerunners of certain genres appear.

1. Religious . painting

2. A portrait is an image of a person or a group of people who exist or have existed in reality. “The portrait depicts the external appearance (and through it the inner world) of a concrete, real person who existed in the past or exists in the present”. Among the sub-genres of the portrait are ceremonial, chamber, group, allegorical, as well as self-portraits.

3. History painting is a genre of painting originating in the Renaissance, dedicated to real historical events and characters, or mythological and biblical subjects.

4. Battle painting is a genre of fine art that is closely connected with the historical genre. Battle canvases are dedicated to the themes of war and military life.

5. Mythological painting is a genre that includes works dedicated to the heroes and events of the myths of ancient peoples.

6. Landscape is a genre of painting, in which the main subject of the image is the primordial, or to one degree or another, nature transformed by man.

7. Interior - the image of a closed space, the interior of the building.

8. Still life - the image of inanimate objects in the visual arts.

9. Genre painting is part of the everyday genre in the visual arts. Everyday scenes from antiquity were the subject of painting, found in the murals of the Ancient East and ancient vase painting, however, as a separate genre, genre painting took shape only in the 14th-15th centuries.

10. Animal painting - canvases, the main plot for which is the image of animals.

11. Abstract painting is painting, the main plot for which is the image of the world of abstraction.

In addition to pure genres, there are paintings that combine various genre elements - for example, landscape and everyday genre, group portrait and historical painting. Battle painting usually includes elements of other genres, from landscape and animalistic to still life.

Marc Zaharovich Chagall (fr. Marc Chagall July 7, 1887, Liozno, Vitebsk province, Russian Empire - March 28, 1985, Saint-Paul-de-Vence, Provence, France) is a Belarusian, Russian and French artist of Jewish origin. In addition to graphics and painting, he was also engaged in scenography, wrote poetry in Yiddish. One of the most famous representatives of the artistic avant-garde of the 20th century.

He received a traditional Jewish education at home, having studied the Hebrew language, the Torah and the Talmud. From 1898 to 1905, Chagall studied at the 1st Vitebsk four-year school. In 1906 he studied fine arts at the art school of the Vitebsk painter Yudel Pen, then moved to St. Petersburg.

From Marc Chagall's book "My Life":

«Having seized twenty-seven rubles - the only money in my life that my father gave me for an art education - I, a ruddy and curly youth, set off for Petersburg with a friend. Decided! Tears and pride choked me when I picked up money from the floor - my father threw it under the table. Crawled and picked up. To my father's questions, I stuttered and answered that I wanted to enter an art school ... I don’t remember exactly what mine he cut and what he said. Most likely, at first he kept silent, then, as usual, warmed up the samovar, poured himself some tea, and only then, with his mouth full, said:

«But remember, I don't have any more money. You know. That's all I can scrape together. I will not send anything. You can't count."»

In St. Petersburg, Chagall studied for two seasons at the Drawing School of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, which was headed by N. K. Roerich (he was admitted to this school without an exam for the third year). In 1909-1911 he continued his studies with L. S. Bakst at the private art school of E. N. Zvantseva. Thanks to his Vitebsk friend Viktor Mekler and Thea Brahman, the daughter of a Vitebsk doctor who also studied in St. Petersburg, Marc Chagall entered the circle of young intellectuals who were passionate about art and poetry.

Thea Brahman was an educated and modern girl, several times she posed nude for Chagall. In the autumn of 1909, during her stay in Vitebsk, Teya introduced Marc Chagall to her friend Bertha (Bella) Rosenfeld, who at that time studied at one of the best educational institutions for girls - the Guerrier school in Moscow. This meeting was decisive in the fate of the artist. «With her, not with Thea, but with her I should be - it suddenly illuminates me! She is silent, and so am I. She looks - oh, her eyes! - Me too. As if we have known each other for a long time, and she knows everything about me: my childhood, my current life, and what will happen to me; as if she was always watching me, was somewhere nearby, although I saw her for the first time. And I realized: this is my wife. Eyes shining on a pale face. Big, bulging, black! These are my eyes, my soul. Thea instantly became a stranger and indifferent to me. I entered a new house, and it became mine forever.»

The love theme in the work of Chagall is invariably associated with the image of Bella. From the canvases of all periods of his work, including the later one (after Bella's death), her "bulging black eyes" look at us, her features are recognizable in the faces of almost all the women depicted by him.

In May 1911, on a scholarship received from Maxim Vinaver, Chagall went to Paris,

where he continued to study and met avant-garde artists and poets living in the French capital (with the spouses Sonia and Robert Delaunay, A. Lot, G. Apollinaire, M Jacob, R. Canudo and others). While in Paris, he first started referring to himself as Mark. During this period, his friendship began with the poet Blaise Cendrars, who spoke Russian (when, many years later, Chagall was asked to name the most significant events in his life, he replied: "My meeting with Cendrars and the Russian revolution"). The scholarship allowed Chagall in the first half of 1912 to move to the famous "Beehive" - a house in which there were living quarters and artists' studios. He participated in the Autumn Salon, which opened on October 1, 1912, and in which more than half of all the works were written in a cubist manner. Despite some influence of cubism on Chagall (he studied at the Academie de la Palette, where this artistic direction dominated), the critic Ya. cubists: “Among the Russian youth, the works of Chagall stop their attention.

Researchers find greater or lesser influence of cubism in many paintings of this period: “Self-portrait with seven fingers”, “Adam and Eve”, “Thirty-thirty (Poet)”, “Soldier drinks”. At the beginning of 1913, Chagall's first solo exhibition took place at the Maria Vasilyeva Academy, and already in September his paintings were exhibited at the First German Autumn Salon in Berlin, from where Chagall returned to Russia.

In the summer of 1914, the artist came to Vitebsk to meet with his family and see Bella. Then he planned to return to Europe, but the outbreak of war did not allow these plans to come true. On July 25, 1915, the wedding of Mark and Bella took place. In 1916, their daughter Ida was born, who later became a biographer and researcher of her father's work.

In 1960, Marc Chagall won the Erasmus Prize. Since the 1960s, Chagall has mainly switched to monumental art forms - mosaics, stained-glass windows, tapestries, and also became interested in sculpture and ceramics. In the early 1960s, commissioned by the Israeli government, Chagall created mosaics and tapestries for the parliament building in Jerusalem. After this success, he received many orders for the design of Catholic and Lutheran churches, as well as synagogues throughout Europe, America and Israel.

In 1964, Chagall, commissioned by French President Charles de Gaulle, painted the ceiling of the Paris Grand Opera, in 1966 he created two panels for the Metropolitan Opera in New York, and in Chicago he decorated the building of the National Bank with the Four Seasons mosaic (1972). In 1966, Chagall moved to a house built specially for him in the province of Nice - Saint-Paul-de-Vence, which served as both housing and a workshop.

During this period, Chagall creates engravings for the books “Daphnis and Chloe” (“Daphnis et Chloé”) by Long (1962), “Marc Chagall. Poems” (“Marc Chagall. Poèmes”, 1969), “Antimémoires” (“Antimémoires”) by A. Malraux (1970), “The Fairy and the Kingdom” (“La Féerie et le Royaume”) by C. Burnickel (1972), “ Odyssey "("L'Odyssee") by Homer (1974), "The Tempest" ("The Tempest") by Shakespeare (1975), "He who says something without saying anything" ("Celui qui dit les choses sans rien dire" ) L. Aragon (1975), “And on the ground” (“Et sur la terre”) A. Malraux (1977), “Psalms of David” (“Psaumes de David”, 1978), as well as a cycle of etchings “Circus” ( Cirque, 1967).

In 1977, Marc Chagall was awarded the highest award of France - the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor, and in 1977-1978 an exhibition of the artist's works was held in the Louvre, timed to coincide with his 90th birthday. Against all the rules, the Louvre exhibited works by a still living author.

Chagall died on March 28, 1985 in Saint-Paul-de-Vence. Buried at the local cemetery.

Gely Mikhailovich Korzhev (Korzhev-Chuvelev; July 7, 1925, Moscow - August 27, 2012, Moscow) - Soviet, Russian painter, teacher. Academician of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1970; corresponding member 1962). People's Artist of the USSR (1979). Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987) and the State Prize of the RSFSR named after Repin (1966). Representative of the "severe style".

Geliy Korzhev was born on July 7, 1925 in Moscow in the family of architect Mikhail Korzhev.

Studied at the Moscow Art Institute. V. I. Surikov (1944-1950) with S. V. Gerasimov.

Monument at the grave of G. M. Korzhev

In his paintings, sharp in composition and restrained in color, with highlighted close-ups, carefully modeled figures, the artist turns to great universal themes, showing people in dramatic, heroic and everyday situations (triptych "Communists", 1957-1960, series "Scorched by the Fire of War" , 1962-1967.

The artist's works are written in a tactile-objective manner, imbued with the drama of our life and the pathos of adamant courage ("Lovers" (1957-1959), "Yegorka the Flyer" (1976-1980), "Overturned" (1970-1976), "Doomed" (1970-1975), "Barrier", "Artist" (1960-1961), "Deserter" (1985-1995), "Last Call" (1985), "Additional Lesson" (1987-1993), "Dostoevsky in hard labor "(1986-1990)," To their "(1988-1990)," Marusya "(1990-1991)," Temptation "(1985-1990)," Crucifixion "(1993-1994)).

The symbol of the political intrigues of the “perestroika” period was the surreal “Mutants[4]” (Tyurliki; 1984-1991, artist’s property). In the 1990s, the master repeatedly turned to the motives of Don Quixote and the Gospel.

“Life outside of art, outside of painting, simply loses all meaning for me. And in creativity, I value freedom most of all. Freedom is to write what I want and the way I feel and can,” is the basis of the master’s life philosophy.

He taught at the Moscow Higher School of Industrial Art (now the Moscow State Art and Industrial Academy named after S. G. Stroganov). Professor (1966).

. Member of the Union of Artists of the USSR. First Secretary of the Union of Artists of the RSFSR (1968-1975).

Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the 6th and 9th convocations.

Died August 27, 2012. He was buried at the Alekseevsky cemetery in Moscow. The monument on the grave was made by his grandson Ivan according to the sketches of the artist himself.

Viktor Efimovich Popkov (March 9, 1932 - November 12, 1974) was a Soviet artist and graphic artist. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1975 - posthumously).

Born March 9, 1932 in Moscow in a working class family.

He studied at the Art and Graphic Pedagogical School (1948-1952) and the Moscow State Art Institute named after V. I. Surikov (1952-1958) under E. A. Kibrik. Lived in Moscow. The creative activity of V. E. Popkov began during the “thaw”. In the 1950s and 1960s, the artist traveled extensively around the country. He visited Irkutsk, Bratsk and other cities and regions of Siberia, where large construction projects were being carried out at that time. Performed a number of paintings based on impressions from trips. Among them is one of the central works of the "severe style" - "Builders of Bratsk" (1960-1961; also known as "Builders of the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station".

The artist was in a constant search for knowledge and impressions, so he traveled all over the country throughout his creative life.By the mid-1960s, he completely departed from this style. After the official art of the Stalin era, which expressed the state ideology, it was in the works of Popkov that the author's voice again sounded. The narrative in his paintings unfolds as if "from the first person". The artist openly expressed his personal attitude to the world and man. His work reflects the theme of the unfulfilled fate of the generation that became a victim of the Great Patriotic War (cycle "Mezen's Widows", 1966-1968). In his later works, Popkov was inspired by the creativity of the peoples of Russia. The search for his own style led him to constantly change the way he conveyed his ideas and observations.

A special theme for the artist was a self-portrait, in which he creates a collective image of a contemporary ("Father's Overcoat", 1970-1972). Popkov's painting influenced the formation of the creative principles of the young masters of the 1970s, including T. G. Nazarenko. The posthumous personal exhibition of his works, held at the State Tretyakov Gallery, became an event in the artistic life.

The artist died on November 12, 1974 as a result of an accident: he was shot dead by a collector at close range when he approached the collector's car and asked the driver to give him a lift. Subsequently, the collector claimed that he acted according to the instructions.

He was buried at the Cherkizovsky cemetery.

The main works of Viktor Efimovich are devoted to the Soviet life of his time:

"Builders of Bratsk" (1960-1961), State Tretyakov Gallery (TG)

"Northern Song" (1968), State Tretyakov Gallery

"The Bolotov Family" (1968), State Tretyakov Gallery

"The brigade is resting" (1965), State Tretyakov Gallery

"Father's Overcoat" (1972), State Tretyakov Gallery

"Two" (1966), State Tretyakov Gallery

“Grandma Anisya was a good person” (1973), State Tretyakov Gallery

"Memories. Widows (1966)

“One” (from the cycle “Mezen Widows”, 1966-1968), National Art Gallery of Armenia[9].

"Self-portrait" (1963)

"Autumn rains. Pushkin" (1974), State Tretyakov Gallery, unfinished.