Денис Д

History of the breed

These terriers were bred in the UK specifically for burrow hunting. The dog must climb into the hole and drive the animal out of there or pull it out during the fight. The terrier must be small in order to penetrate the hole and be able to move freely in it, therefore, traditionally, the height at the withers of burrow terriers did not exceed 38.5 cm. At the same time, strength, courage and powerful jaws are required from such a dog to fight with armed teeth (and claws) beast. It is not easy to work in a hole: it is dark, narrow and cramped, the earth crumbles and even blockages are possible. The most suitable for hunting in such conditions are terriers with smooth or short, and, as a rule, coarse hair.

From the beginning of the 18th century, a new agricultural technology was being introduced in Great Britain, which included driven grazing. The appearance of hedges around the fields brought to naught the horse hunting for deer, popular since the Middle Ages. Farmers switched to burrow hunting, which became a national hobby. The fox was chased by a flock of foxhounds, and the beast hiding in a hole was chased out with the help of terriers. For this purpose, terriers were suitable, keeping up with the hounds. The preferred color was white, in order to avoid confusing the dog with the fox. However, the terrier emerging from the hole very rarely remained white: it was covered with mud and saturated with the smell of the beast, and often the hounds mistook the terrier for a fox. Hunters also used terriers for "reconnaissance": on the eve of the hunt, they looked for holes in order to start rutting the next morning and save time.

English priest John (Jack) Russell was born in 1795 in Dartmouth, Devon, and lived for almost 87 years. He was a good rider, a passionate lover of fox hunting with terriers. In 1873 he became one of the founders of the Kennel Club and took part in the development of the Fox Terrier standard. However, he himself bred rough-haired fox terriers exclusively for hunting and never showed them at exhibitions, because then only smooth-haired terriers were successful at exhibitions. The breed that is known today as the Jack Russell Terrier was, until 1900, nothing more than the old fox terrier type. Champion fox terriers of the beginning of the century were no different from modern Jack Russell terriers. While studying at Oxford, Russell acquired one of his famous dogs, a white rough-haired bitch with red-brown spots on the head and at the base of the tail. She did not look like short-legged, heavily haired Scottish terriers, she was slender, proportionately built, as tall as a fox. Russell made numerous crosses with terriers of different breeds of solid and colored colors. The purpose of the breeding work was to improve the hunting qualities, external features were not given much importance.

Until recent years, Jack Russell Terriers were crossed with other breeds, but the resulting offspring did not correspond to the original breed type and were not used in further breeding. In the 19th century in Great Britain, many people kept whole packs of terriers for burrow hunting, working dogs were allowed to breed, regardless of external features. Terriers were required to be bold, daring and of acceptable stature. To some extent, attention was also paid to the ears (upright ones were undesirable, although they are found in some dogs today).

Some breeders practiced crosses with bull and terriers (a mixture of an old type bulldog with various terriers). As a result, hunting terriers have improved fighting qualities. After the prohibition of dog fighting in 1835, many fighting terriers became a thing of the past. However, until 1912, rat-baiting by terriers was allowed, so small breeds of terriers flourished.

Some signs of bulldogs are still visible in some Jack Russell Terrier individuals of white color with black spots. In addition to a stocky build and a broader head, they are notable for the absence of an intelligible voice, which is necessary when working in a hole. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many hunters used Sealyham Terriers for breeding in their flocks (these, in turn, were often mated with Pembroke Welsh Corgis). One of the last terriers used for introductory crossbreeding into the Jack Russell Terrier breed was the White Lakeland Terrier, with whom the breeders expected to produce dogs with more balanced behavior and improved "shirt".

However, hunters in western Britain consider dogs of the Lakeland Terrier type to be undesirable, as they do not suit the characteristics of fox hunting. Indeed, the Western British fox hunters have developed a certain ritual (clothing, procedure, music), the main “terrier” with his flock takes part in the hunt, but the direct attack on the beast is not the task of his dogs. This is purely theatrical entertainment of aristocrats. For hunters in the northern highlands, on the contrary, hunting is necessary to protect their livestock from predators, so their terriers really pursue and kill the fox.

Родиной йоркширского терьера являются графства Йоркшир и Ланкашир в северной Англии. Его возможным предком называют уотерсайдского терьера. Эта порода была популярна в XVIII—XIX веках в Йоркшире и описывалась как «маленькая, серо-голубая собака с полудлинной шерстью». Этих собак держали крестьяне, так как им было запрещено заводить больших собак, чтобы они не браконьерствовали на землях, принадлежавших знати. Небольшие собачки охраняли дома от грызунов и сопровождали своих хозяев в торговых поездках вдоль рек и каналов (отсюда и название).

Некоторые специалисты называют в числе предков йорков и мальтийских болонок, хотя они значительно отличаются от них: у мальтезе висячие уши и белый окрас. Считается, что йорков скрещивали с болонками, чтобы улучшить качество шерсти, структуру волоса и получить шелковистость. В пользу этой теории говорит то, что у светлых йорков часто очень хорошее качество шерсти.

В конце XVIII века с началом индустриализации многие люди в поисках работы переезжали в города на западе графства, приезжали работники также и из Шотландии. С собой они привозили своих собак, которых в то время называли «шотландскими терьерами» (англ. scotch terrier), впоследствии среди них были выделены такие породы как пейсли-терьер, клайдесдейл-терьер, каирский терьер, скай терьер. Вероятно, эти породы участвовали в выведении йоркширского терьера. Наиболее близки к современному йорку были пейсли-терьер и клайдесдейл-терьер, которые так и не были признаны Кеннел-Клубом как отдельные породы, и со временем их разведение было прекращено.

В Манчестере также был свой вид терьеров — манчестерский терьер. Заводчикам удалось получить его разновидность с мягкой, длинной и шелковистой шерстью. Все эти породы и стали предками йоркширского терьера.

Выведением новой породы занялись ткачи, работавшие на новых фабриках. Им удалось вывести собаку с длинной шелковистой шерстью голубовато-стального цвета с чистыми золотисто-коричневыми подпалинами. Йорки того времени имели более длинное тело и более крупный размер, чем современные, обычной для них была масса 6—7 кг. Новая порода под названием «йоркширский голубой с подпалинами шелковистошёрстный терьер» быстро завоевала популярность, вытеснив другие разновидности небольших английских терьеров.

В 1886 году порода была признана Кеннел-Клубом и внесена в племенную книгу. В 1898 году был организован первый клуб йоркширских терьеров.

The Yorkshire Terrier is native to Yorkshire and Lancashire in northern England. His possible ancestor is called the Waterside Terrier. The breed was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in Yorkshire and was described as "a small, blue-gray dog ​​with semi-long hair". These dogs were kept by the peasants, as they were forbidden to have large dogs so that they would not poach on the lands that belonged to the nobility. Small dogs guarded houses from rodents and accompanied their owners on trading trips along rivers and canals (hence the name).

Some experts call Yorkies and Maltese lapdogs among the ancestors, although they differ significantly from them: the Maltese has hanging ears and a white color. It is believed that Yorkies were crossed with lapdogs in order to improve the quality of wool, hair structure and obtain silkiness. Supporting this theory is that light-coloured Yorkies often have very good coat quality.

At the end of the 18th century, with the beginning of industrialization, many people moved to the cities in the west of the county in search of work, and workers also came from Scotland. They brought their dogs with them, which at that time were called “Scotch terriers” (eng. Scotch terrier), later such breeds as paisley terrier, clydesdale terrier, cairo terrier, skye terrier were singled out among them. It is likely that these breeds were involved in the breeding of the Yorkshire Terrier. The closest to the modern Yorkie were the Paisley Terrier and the Clydesdale Terrier, which were never recognized by the Kennel Club as separate breeds, and over time their breeding was discontinued.

Manchester also had its own breed of terrier, the Manchester Terrier. Breeders managed to get his variety with soft, long and silky hair. All these breeds became the ancestors of the Yorkshire Terrier.

Weavers who worked in new factories took up the breeding of a new breed. They succeeded in breeding a dog with a long, silky, steel-blue coat with pure golden brown markings. Yorkies of that time had a longer body and larger size than modern Yorkies, their usual weight was 6-7 kg. A new breed called the Yorkshire Blue and Tan Silky Coated Terrier quickly gained popularity, displacing other varieties of small English terriers.

In 1886, the breed was recognized by the Kennel Club and entered into the stud book. In 1898, the first Yorkshire Terrier Club was organized.

Родиной йоркширского терьера являются графства Йоркшир и Ланкашир в северной Англии. Его возможным предком называют уотерсайдского терьера. Эта порода была популярна в XVIII—XIX веках в Йоркшире и описывалась как «маленькая, серо-голубая собака с полудлинной шерстью». Этих собак держали крестьяне, так как им было запрещено заводить больших собак, чтобы они не браконьерствовали на землях, принадлежавших знати. Небольшие собачки охраняли дома от грызунов и сопровождали своих хозяев в торговых поездках вдоль рек и каналов (отсюда и название).

Некоторые специалисты называют в числе предков йорков и мальтийских болонок, хотя они значительно отличаются от них: у мальтезе висячие уши и белый окрас. Считается, что йорков скрещивали с болонками, чтобы улучшить качество шерсти, структуру волоса и получить шелковистость. В пользу этой теории говорит то, что у светлых йорков часто очень хорошее качество шерсти.

В конце XVIII века с началом индустриализации многие люди в поисках работы переезжали в города на западе графства, приезжали работники также и из Шотландии. С собой они привозили своих собак, которых в то время называли «шотландскими терьерами» (англ. scotch terrier), впоследствии среди них были выделены такие породы как пейсли-терьер, клайдесдейл-терьер, каирский терьер, скай терьер. Вероятно, эти породы участвовали в выведении йоркширского терьера. Наиболее близки к современному йорку были пейсли-терьер и клайдесдейл-терьер, которые так и не были признаны Кеннел-Клубом как отдельные породы, и со временем их разведение было прекращено.

В Манчестере также был свой вид терьеров — манчестерский терьер. Заводчикам удалось получить его разновидность с мягкой, длинной и шелковистой шерстью. Все эти породы и стали предками йоркширского терьера.

Выведением новой породы занялись ткачи, работавшие на новых фабриках. Им удалось вывести собаку с длинной шелковистой шерстью голубовато-стального цвета с чистыми золотисто-коричневыми подпалинами. Йорки того времени имели более длинное тело и более крупный размер, чем современные, обычной для них была масса 6—7 кг. Новая порода под названием «йоркширский голубой с подпалинами шелковистошёрстный терьер» быстро завоевала популярность, вытеснив другие разновидности небольших английских терьеров.

В 1886 году порода была признана Кеннел-Клубом и внесена в племенную книгу. В 1898 году был организован первый клуб йоркширских терьеров.

History of the breed

In the 1850s, James Hinks of Birmingham, England, began breeding a new breed, the white bull terrier. The breed was obtained as a result of a long-term breeding experiment, in which, in addition to the English bulldog and the white English terrier, the Dalmatian took part. For the first time, James Hinks showed a white bull terrier at a dog show in 1862. The appearance of the white bull terrier compared to the old bull and terrier was improved, the bulldog was corrected, the dog became longer in the body, the head took on an elongated, oval shape, the looseness of the lips and dewlaps on the neck disappeared. From different breeds of dogs, the Bull Terrier has absorbed their best features - activity, endurance, muscularity and, at the same time, intelligence. Naturally, the unity of these qualities made the white bull terrier much more attractive. Among Oxford teachers and students it was considered a sign of good taste to keep a white bull terrier. The Bull Terrier was recognized by the English Kennel Club in the last quarter of the 19th century, and at the beginning of the 20th century, colored bull terriers were allowed to breed.