Дарина Штульберг

This person can be called a highly qualified psychotherapist, a pilot who made his first flight in old age, a climber conquering mountain peaks, a kind genius who wrote books that allow you to look at the bustle of life with different eyes, a composer who created music for popular programs, a prisoner who survived in terrible conditions of the concentration camp.

Born in March 1905 in a family of Jews who were civil servants. It happened in Vienna. Victor's childhood and youth passed in the difficult environment of the First World War, economic and political crises, and psychological instability. Early became interested in the psychological aspects of life. His high school diploma work was devoted to the psychology of philosophical thinking. Entering the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, he decided to study psychiatry and neurology. Especially student Frank.

In the late 1920s, a group of like-minded people led by Frankl opened a counseling center in Vienna for depressed youth, which helped to reduce the number of suicides among this segment of the population. In 1930, Victor became an MD, continuing to work in the field of clinical psychiatry. The young specialist tried to make sure that people who asked for help could realize their possibilities to change themselves and the world for the better.

In his work, the psychiatrist often used his own method of paradoxical intention. Its essence was as follows: one should not run away from unpleasant sensations and the circumstances associated with them, but it is necessary to meet them halfway. To get rid of a certain symptom, you need to create a paradoxical intention, in other words, try to do something opposite, from which you need to get rid of.

He believes that the picture of the disease is just a parody of a shadow, a personality. The profession of psychotherapist is a radial search for a humane patient and a spiritual person. Many people who turned to Frankl, who frankly killed that they were not caught in irreparable acts due to their doctorate, listened carefully and talked with them a lot of good things. The military events of the 1940s prevented the publication of the psychiatrist's first manuscript, which he called "Healing the Soul." In it he outlined the fundamentals.

For two years, the psychotherapist continued to work, because he was treated by a Gestapo officer, on whom his fate depended. In 1942, Frankl, his wife and parents were sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Even in the most difficult conditions of Nazi captivity, Victor did not lose heart, but worked. In the concentration camp, he provided psychological assistance to prisoners, identified people who had lost the meaning and purpose of life, and sought to help them.

Hellish conditions were able to endure those who lived for something. It was they who were able to challenge the circumstances. Frankl himself managed to survive in 4 concentration camps. After all, he had something to live for. Victor, like the apple of his eye, cherished the handwritten version of the book, which contained the first version of his doctrine of meaning. Unfortunately, it was not possible to save it, but even then he did not lose heart. In a feverish delirium of a typhoid hut, for 16 nights Victor recreated his work, making short shorthand notes in the dark.

Be that as it may, he survived, despite being transferred from one camp to another, getting on the lists of the dead, working with infectious patients, and trying to escape. In any circumstances, he showed "stubbornness of spirit", he knew how to hear the voices of conscience and fate. After the end of the war, Frankl returned to Vienna. Having come to his old friend P. Polog, he told him with tears in his eyes about what he had to experience, about the death of his father, mother, wife. But for all his grief, Victor understood that such tests are not given in vain, but with a certain meaning.

Frankl put his own experience, emotions, experiences as the basis of his book entitled "A Psychologist in a Concentration Camp". He even wanted to print it anonymously, not assuming that someone would be interested in his work. Friends managed to convince Victor to put his name. It so happened that it was this work that became the most famous.

In 1946, Frankl was placed in charge of the neurological clinic in Vienna. A year later, he began teaching at the university, without ceasing to write books. For example, one of them "Man's Search for Meaning" has been translated into more than 20 languages. In 1947 there were changes in his personal life. Victor married the Catholic Eleanor Katharina Schwindt. In the same joint religious traditions, the couple raised their daughter Gabrielle.

In the 1960s, the scientist, who by that time had become a professor of psychiatry and neurology, visited many countries and felt the particular relevance of the problem of the meaning of life. His apex psychology revealed in the human soul those heights to which it is necessary to strive, helped to acquire the courage to live spiritually.

The incredible life of W. Frankl ended in the early autumn of 1997 in his hometown of Vienna.

Joseph Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American mythologist, author, and lecturer, best known for his work in the fields of mythological juxtaposition and religion juxtaposition. The list of his works is huge and includes many aspects of the human experience. His philosophy is often identified with the phrase he said: "Follow the awareness of pleasure."

Joseph Campbell was born and raised in White Plains, New York. He graduated from Canterbury School in 1921, went on to Dartmund College, where he went on to study biology and mathematics, and subsequently to Columbia University, where he received an M.Sc.

in English Literature in 1925 and an M.S. in Old Literature in 1927. Among his outstanding books are such as "Myths in which we live", "Thousand-faced Hero", "Masks of God", "Mythical Image", "Historical Atlas of World Mythology".

Joseph Campbell gained great popularity after a series of television interviews with journalist Bill Moyers in 1985 and 1986, and also due to the fact that he, according to George Lucas, was the inspiration for the Star Wars movie.

Campbell died of growth at age 83 at home in Hawaii shortly after filming The Power of the Myth with Bill Moyers wrapped.

- Campbell J. - Mythical Image.-2002

In his programmatic work "The Mythical Image", the American scientist, researcher of the nature of myth and symbol Joseph Campbell (1904-1987), conducting a comparative analysis of the mythologies of various peoples of the world, as well as mythological literature, touches on such topics as the idea of ​​cosmic order, the transformation of inner light, redemption through self-sacrifice and sacrifice, spiritual awakening.

Relying on the analytical psychology of K.G. Jung and the ideas of traditionalists, the author comes to the conclusion that, despite the apparent diversity of cultural and religious traditions, each of them is based on common archetypal images - the Great Mother, the Mountain of the World, the Lord of death and immortality, the Holy Family, etc.

- Campbell J. - Paths to Bliss.-2006

Mythology and Transformation of the Personality", based on the materials of his lectures and public speeches in the 1960-1980s, explores the psychological function of myth. According to Campbell, myth is a universal matrix of personal growth. Using it to the fullest extent, a person can live in harmony with his Linking together ancient symbols and modern art, primal rituals and the hero's journey, Campbell helps the reader discover the myth of their soul, the path that leads to bliss.

- Campbell J. - Hero with a Thousand Faces - 1997

Campbell's book is a classic study of mythology based on psychoanalysis, which gives the key to the mysteries of the symbolic language common to the myths of all world cultures with their archetypal hero. Moving from the psychological to the metaphysical plane of analysis, Campbell presents the heroic journey as a cosmogonic cycle. Having passed through the trials of initiation, having overcome the threshold between being and nothingness, the hero, as the embodiment of microcosm and macrocosm, dissolves in the Higher Self, thereby completing his path. Birth and death, life and non-existence, the birth and disappearance of the world - all this is subject to a single model of the journey of the mythological hero and the cosmogonic circle. This scheme remains unchanged in the initiation rites of primitive peoples, and in the developed mythology of ancient civilizations, and in the world of fairy tales familiar to us from childhood, and in the dreams of our contemporaries. Using the material of hundreds of myths from all corners of the globe, from ancient times to the present day, the greatest American mythologist of our century, Joseph Campbell, unfolds in his exciting book a majestic and large-scale picture of the journey of a many-sided hero, moving from the ordinary world into the beyond darkness, finding patrons and enemies there. who meets with the goddess - mother and god - father and, as a result of his adventures, achieves the final reward - a generous gift that can benefit and save humanity.

Since its release, this legendary book has sold millions of copies around the world. Joseph Campbell is a famous anthropologist and comparative psychologist. In this book, the author describes the hero's journey, considers the universal motif of adventure and transformation, which are reflected in the world mythological tradition. George Lucas, after the release of Star Wars in the late 1970s, stated that the film was based on ideas described in The Hero with a Thousand Faces and other Campbell books.

- Campbell J. - Myths in which we live.-2002

What is effective mythology and what is its function? Is it possible today to `live in myths`? Can they help a modern person to relieve anxiety or can they only feed it?

Joseph Campbell (1904-1987) shows the life-giving connection of people with their myths, the role of myths in the development and realization of the creative possibilities of the individual and the whole society.

The book is written in a clear and engaging way. The abundance and talented presentation of serious material, the relevance - and actualization - of `eternal` problems, it surpasses many official textbooks on religious studies, psychology, history and mythology proper.

For a wide range of readers.

- Four functions of the myth according to J. Campbell:

Traditional mythology has four main functions. Of these, the first is mystical: it evokes and maintains in a person a feeling of admiration, gratitude and reverent horror before the mystery of being, the mystery of life.

The fact of being is not very easy to admit. Judge for yourself: hundreds of thousands of years passed before human eyes opened and saw life as it is. And what did their eyes see when they opened? They saw how life feeds on life.

The first function of primitive mythology is precisely to teach us to accept this fact: life devours itself. Admit it! And only about 800 BC. what I call the "great reversal" has come: people who have a certain sensitivity to such things have decided that life is a horror that they will not accept. Schopenhauer said: "Life is something that should not have been." There are people - not a few people - who find life so terrible that they walk away from life. It was at this time that the mythology of escape from life, the denial of life, was born.

The third variant, Zoroastrianism, is documented as being born sometime between the 11th and 7th centuries BC, a myth in which a deity created an ideal world that was subsequently destroyed by some evil force. The Lord of Good, Truth and Light creates this world; The Lord of Darkness and Deception corrupts this world. And what is happening now is a recovery process. You can participate in the recovery process by participating in all the good things in this world by doing good. The idea of ​​good and evil has come down to us in the form of the Christian tradition, in the form of the Fall and the Redemption.

As far as I know, these are the three main mythological points of view: the first is the complete acceptance of life, the second is the complete rejection of life, and the third is "I will accept the world when it becomes as I imagine it should be." The popular non-religious variety of the latter view is, of course, our modern position of gradually reforming the world for the better.

The second function of traditional mythology is cosmological. It consists in creating a picture of the structure of the universe, a picture that evokes the feeling of mystical admiration that I just spoke about. The whole world becomes, as it were, a sacred picture, a sacred icon; a picture that evokes in our minds a sense of the delightful mystery of being, wherever we look.

The third function of the traditional mythological system is sociological, that is, its function is to justify and maintain a certain social structure of society. Usually this is done like this: it is declared that the Supreme Being who created the Universe also created the Good Social Order. For example, in the biblical tradition there is the idea of ​​God creating the world; the same God gives Moses the Law on Mount Sinai - the 10 Commandments and so on. Biblical Laws are as inflexible as the laws of nature. They cannot be changed; one cannot go against them without destroying, destroying oneself.

Also in India, instead of the idea of ​​God the Creator, the idea of ​​some impersonal force that periodically materializes and de-materializes the Universe dominates: the same Universe is in a constant process of creation - disappearance. The laws by which this process takes place are the same laws by which animals and people exist. These laws cannot be changed - they are an indivisible part of the Universal Order.

The fourth and last function of traditional mythology is psychological. It consists in leading a person through the stages of his life, from childhood dependence to the responsibility of an adult (in terms of the society in which he lives), and further, to the Last Door.

Comparing the traditional mythologies of the peoples of the world, you come to the conclusion that it is this fourth function that is the most constant, the fourth and also the first, mystical.

Why you should read Pelevin

Viktor Pelevin has been meeting with the most famous intellectual writers for many years. If we take into account the almost thirty years of belonging, then on his account there are not so many works. He usually takes his time with his problems, and the magazine publishes a book a year.

His work is based on a combination of Buddhist philosophy, social satire and a vivid description of the life of the most ordinary people. With rare exceptions, his works are not covered by others, and only minor mutual references can be seen in them.

But even on a general theme, each book by Pelevin is unique, and the form and presentation are greatly appreciated. Therefore, before starting to read, it is better to familiarize yourself with a guide to creative work.

Victor Olegovich Pelevin (Russian: Виктор Олегович Пелевин) is a Russian fiction writer, the author of novels Omon Ra, Chapayev and Void, and Generation P. He is a laureate of multiple literary awards including the Russian Little Booker Prize (1993) and the Russian National Bestseller (2004). His books are multi-layered postmodernist texts fusing elements of pop culture and esoteric philosophies while carrying conventions of the science fiction genre. Some critics relate his prose to the New Sincerity literary movement.

Victor Olegovich Pelevin was born in Moscow on 22 November 1962 to Zinaida Semenovna Efremova, an English teacher, and Oleg Anatolyevich Pelevin, a teacher at the military department of Bauman University.He lived on Tverskoy Boulevard in Moscow, later moving to Chertanovo. In 1979, Pelevin graduated from an elite high school with a special English program located on Stanislavskogo Street in the centre of Moscow, now Kaptsov Gymnasium №1520.

He then attended the Moscow Power Engineering Institute graduating with a degree in electromechanical engineering in 1985. In April of that year, MPEI Department of Electrical Transport hired him as engineer. Pelevin served in the Russian Air Force. From 1987 to 1989, Pelevin attended the MPEI graduate school.

Pelevin travels to Asia often, and has been to Nepal, South Korea, China and Japan. While he does not call himself a Buddhist, he is engaged in Buddhist practices. Pelevin has repeatedly said that despite the fact that his characters use drugs, he is not an addict even though he has experimented with mind-expanding substances in his youth. Pelevin is not married.

In December 2018, the media reported that the writer Victor Pelevin registered in the register of individual entrepreneurs in the territorial office of the Pension Fund in Moscow.

Corals of Fungia fungites are mostly solitary, some attaining 30 centimetres in diameter. The juveniles attach themselves to rock but larger individuals detach themselves and become free living. They are found in various bright colours including white, pink, red, purple, blue and yellow and are popular with keepers of reef aquariums. The discs are either round or oval and the central mouth, which is surrounded by tentacles, may be a slit. The polyp sits in a calcareous cup, the corallite. The septa are vertical skeletal elements inside the corallite wall and the costae join the septae and continue outside the corallite wall and underneath the coral. Both the septae and costae are robust. Fungia fungites may be confused with specimens of the related genus Cycloseris but the latter are always free living, even as juveniles, while the former bear a scar showing where they were attached when young. Fungia corals, like other large polyp stony corals, have developed several feeding strategies. They also capture planktonic organisms, food particles from the water column, and can absorb dissolved organic matter. Feeding tentacles are usually visible at night. Fungia also reproduce asexually. Daughter colonies / polyps may form and they will form offspring from broken pieces. they show regeneration.