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Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability in the United States. High doses of repeated task-specific practice have shown promising results in restoring upper limb function in chronic stroke (\>6 months after onset). However, it is currently challenging to provide such doses in standard clinical practice. At-home telerehabilitation services supervised by a clinician are a potential solution to provide higher-dose interventions. However, telerehabilitation systems developed for repeated task-specific practice typically require a minimum level of active movement. Therefore, severely impaired people necessitate alternative therapeutic approaches. Measurement and feedback of electrical muscle activity via electromyography (EMG) have been previously implemented in the presence of minimal or no volitional movement to improve motor performance in people with stroke. Specifically, muscle neurofeedback training to reduce unintended co-contractions of the impaired hand may be a targeted intervention to improve motor control in severely impaired populations. In this study, we examine the effects of a low-cost, portable, and modular EMG biofeedback system (Tele-REINVENT) for supervised and unsupervised upper limb telerehabilitation after stroke during a 6-week home-based training program that reinforces activity of the wrist extensor muscles while avoiding coactivation of flexor muscles via computer games.
