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Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः from SKT. आयुस् "āyus" वेद and "veda" — "knowledge of life," "science of life" or "knowledge of life expectancy") - an alternative medicine system with historical roots in India. Is a pseudoscience. Ayurveda is considered an additional Veda (Upaveda) of the "Atharvaveda" and is based on the Hindu philosophical system of Sankhya. Ayurveda is widely practiced in India and Nepal, where about 80% of the population report using it

Ayurveda is a treasure trove of ancient knowledge that has been passed from teacher to student for many thousands of years. All the knowledge that exists in the modern world was originally described in the Vedic scriptures, of which Ayurveda is a part (it is also called "Upaveda— - "auxiliary Veda"). No one created it, it did not arise suddenly. According to legend, this science appeared simultaneously with the creation of the universe.

Ayurveda is translated from Sanskrit as "the science of a happy life", as well as "pure knowledge". However, it cannot be called a pure science, since Ayurveda contains philosophy and religion. This is the true teaching about health and harmony of body and spirit, which was revealed by the ancient sages, the Rishis, through religious practices and meditations. They learned the connection between man and the universe, and also realized that the source of everything is Cosmic Consciousness.

In Ayurveda , health consists of four components:

Arodya - absence of physical suffering;

Sukham — health at the social level, when a person is satisfied with work, family, profession, place of residence;

Swastha is self-sufficiency, independence (a person is considered healthy in this area only when he can easily answer the questions "Who is he?" and "What is the purpose of life?").

Ananda (Svabgava) is spiritual bliss (the state when a person has resumed his relationship with God and is happy with this relationship).

• pediatrics;
• surgery;
• plastic surgery;
• otolaryngology;
• obstetrics;
• gerontology;
• ophthalmology;
• gynecology.

Also, the Ayurvedic ancient healing system contains a section on treatment with plants, minerals, colors, mantras, mudras, spells, meditations. Describes a section on the treatment of diseases that are associated with spirits. For example, drug addiction, alcoholism, insanity - these diseases are considered by Ayurveda as an attack of spirits on the subtle plane. She knows everything about the subtle body, its structure, describes channels, meridians, acupuncture points and energy centers. Ayurveda contains fundamental knowledge about astrology. With the help of this science, you can build a chronic map (jyotish), find out the purpose of a person, his predisposition to diseases, constitution and much more. Ayurveda sees human ailments as a wrong attitude to the world.

It is very important to understand the meaning of life, because many physical and mental illnesses arise due to a misinterpretation of their purpose. It is important to be able to manage your feelings, control emotions. It is necessary to know and respect certain laws of the universe, and only then will a person be able to exist harmoniously in this world. These are the laws that Ayurveda teaches us. It shows how everything really works, how the world and the universe as a whole works. It tells us that a person can choose for himself whether to suffer or be happy.

The Vedic treatises say that all ailments come from our consciousness and that the level of happiness determines the degree of human health. She calls on everyone to serve for the benefit of others, to be open to the world and wish everyone happiness. This is the only way to become a truly happy person.

In the Vedic scriptures it is said that man consists of five elements (Maha Bhut): earth, fire, water, air and ether. There are three types of constitution ("dosha"): Vata - air, Pitta - fire, Kapha -water. Determining the predominant dosha is the basis of the entire healing process in Ayurveda. The whole treatment process is aimed at harmonizing the doshas and accumulating ojasa (vital energy).

It is possible to harmonize the prevailing dosha with the help of lifestyle changes, way of thinking, balanced nutrition, sexual abstinence, cleansing practices (therapeutic vomiting, cleansing enemas), massages, exercises, minerals, as well as natural remedies (herbs, spices). Treatment is prescribed depending on the constitutional type of the patient (Vata - wind, Pitta - fire, Kapha - water).

The Ayurvedic doctor determines the type of constitution of the patient depending on his temperament, physique, thinking. A person is born with a certain constitution (Prakriti), then with age his state of doshas may change, and some one dosha begins to prevail. This state is called "Vikriti". However, Ayurveda in the process of treatment seeks to return the original state of the patient, as this is considered ideal for him.

A person can have seven variants of the constitution:

When one dosha prevails: Vata, Pitta or Kapha;

When two doshas prevail: Pitta-Vata, Kapha-Vata, Pitta-Kapha;

When all three doshas are balanced: Vata-Pitta-Kapha.

This state is called "The Dosha Itself" and is considered the best.

The subtle power of Ojas (oil) belongs to Vata, Tejas (fire) belongs to Pitta, and Prana (light and heat) belongs to Kapha. Perfect health in Ayurveda is considered when all souls and all three subtle forces (spiritual essences) are in harmony.

Ayurveda describes three qualities of human Nature, as well as all things, they are also gunas: Sattva - goodness, Rajas - passion, Tamas - ignorance. Every phenomenon in the universe has its own guna. All living beings, things, products - everything is under the influence of some kind of guna. These mental doshas determine the character of a person, the state of his consciousness. In different situations, a person may be under the influence of different gunas. Initially, the triad of gunas is a harmonious state that consists of purity (Sattva), movement (Rajas) and inertia (Tamas).

In Ayurveda, all metabolic processes are associated with Agni - biological fire. There are a total of thirteen Agni in the human body. Jatar-Agni (digestive fire) is considered the most important. He controls all the other Agni, as he supports the entire metabolic process. The digestive fire works differently for each dosha. In the process of treating any disease, Ayurvedic medicine pays great attention to the establishment of the digestive fire. This is a very important part of therapy, because when the digestive tract does not work properly, ama (toxins) begin to accumulate in the body, there is a failure on the physical, emotional and mental plane.

The Ayurvedic healing system differs from modern medicine in its holistic approach. It considers a person as a whole on all three levels: physical, emotional and mental. It does not treat the symptoms, but identifies and eradicates the very cause of the disease. It is suitable individually for everyone, because each person is a separate universe.

The American Staffordshire Terrier is a breed characterized by good health. These dogs are active and hardy. However, there are a number of diseases to which they have some tendency.

First of all, we can talk about hip dysplasia. The problem is typical for almost all large dogs. This does not mean at all that all Amstaffs suffer from dysplasia, since a lot depends on the diet, the intensity of physical exertion, as well as on genetic predisposition. When buying a puppy, ask the kennel about the heredity of your chosen one. Find out how often his ancestors had this disease, what was its development. No one can say for sure whether your dog will be sick or not, but some kind of approximate forecast, based on the information received, can be made.

Bloating associated with digestive disorders is another problem that occurs in American Staffords. By contacting a specialist, you will find out which foods should be excluded from the diet (or, conversely, added) in order to normalize your pet's metabolism. Proper nutrition will help to avoid the difficulties associated with obesity.

Genetically, amstaffs can also be transmitted a tendency to allergic reactions to a variety of stimuli. Most often, this is manifested by redness of the skin and severe itching. In most cases, it is possible to accurately determine the agent only in the conditions of a veterinary clinic.

Eye diseases – retinal atrophy and cataracts - can also affect American Staffordshire Terriers.

Modern veterinary medicine makes it possible to cure or at least minimize the consequences of a very large number of diseases. It is only important to detect them in time. Carefully monitor the condition of your pet: how his coat looks, whether his ears and eyes are clean, how active he is, whether he has a good appetite, whether there are any problems with the administration of natural needs. It will not require any extra effort, but it will definitely bring the desired effect.

The desire to witness violent and bloody scenes has been observed by a person since time immemorial. Medieval Englishmen were no exception, who loved to have fun, arranging dog fights with bulls, bears and wild boars. Most often, bulldogs and mastiffs were used for these purposes. The problem was that the dogs of these breeds were very large and not agile enough, which is why they often died from hooves or horns of enraged opponents.

The desire to "modernize" the fighting qualities of dogs forced the owners to engage in breeding work. Terriers turned out to be the best candidate for crossing with bulldogs: dogs are active, mobile and, importantly, very smart. So, at the very beginning of the XIX century, bull terriers appeared, which perfectly combined the best features of the predecessor breeds. After the ban on bullfights, which the English Parliament adopted in 1835, dog fights became fashionable, and the justified "terrierization" of the breed allowed to obtain a phenotype that was the best suited for this purpose. Variants of the breed name - Staffordshire Terrier, Pit Bull Terrier - gradually transformed and consolidated into a single name of the English branch "Staffordshire Bull Terrier".

English migrants who rushed to America after the victory of the North over the South in the Civil War brought a large number of animals to the continent. Brutal dogfights, by this time already banned on the islands of Foggy Albion, have gained special popularity in the New World. The main direction of breeding work remained the development and consolidation of fighting qualities of dogs. The United Kennel Club, established at the very end of the XIX century in the state of Michigan, chose the development and improvement of the Pit Bull terrier breed as the main direction of its activity. The dogs bred here not only took part in battles, but were also successfully used to protect houses, farms, and in hunting wolves.

At the same time, the voices of those animal lovers who did not share a passion for dog fighting and paid more attention to exhibition work were heard louder and louder. They started developing a standard and improving the exterior of the pit bull. As a result, a dog was obtained that looks very similar to a pit bull terrier, but is quite suitable for "peaceful life". They called her the Staffordshire Terrier, and it was under this name that the breed was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1936. This led to the division of breeders into two camps. Some registered their pets exclusively as fighting American pit bulls, others preferred Staffordshire terriers and did not recognize Pit bull terriers at all.

In May 1971, the FCI officially registered Amstaffs in its register under No. 286. The following year, the American Kennel Club changed the name of the breed to the "American Staffordshire Terrier", thereby emphasizing that the branches have certain differences – the "American" is on average 8 cm higher at the withers and 5 kg heavier than the "Englishman".

The first amstaffs came to Russia in the 80s of the last century and quickly gained popularity. The high demand led to the fact that unscrupulous breeders did not bother to control either the appearance of the received dogs or their mental stability. This is the reason that Staffordshire Terriers began to be considered "killer dogs". Such notoriety lies entirely on the conscience of the owners, who either stupidly and incompetently, or consciously brought up aggressive and ferocious dogs. Today the trend has changed, Staffords confidently occupy the niche of companion dogs.

American Staffordshire Terrier with uncooped ears

The American Staffordshire Terrier is a strong dog with a well-developed backbone and pronounced athletic musculature.

The height of males at the withers is 46-48 cm, females - 43-46 cm. Body weight - 25-30 kg and 22-25 kg, respectively.

If we talk about the character of Amstaff, then there is hardly another breed of dog whose character would be described by such diverse, and sometimes completely opposite epithets.

Reliable, intelligent, loyal, endowed with a considerable share of fun and even some mischief, balanced and seasoned - that's what fans of the breed say about Staffordshire. Aggressive and vicious – this is the assessment given by critics of the breed. But the last character traits are associated in almost all cases either with inept or with education aimed at the formation of negative qualities.

Anyone who wants to get such an animal should firmly understand that the American Staffordshire Terrier is a very powerful dog with pronounced guard and fighting qualities. She will fully protect not only the members of the family in which she lives, but also the integrity of the territory entrusted to her from any encroachments. With such inclinations, a properly educated Amstaff will show aggression only if he feels threatened from the outside. The dog's intuition is so strong that sometimes it seems that it reads the thoughts of your detractor. The Staffordshire Terrier attacks very often without a "declaration of war". Barking and growling are for weaklings. The dog leads the fight to complete victory, it is almost impossible to stop him. In "peak" situations, this is quite acceptable, but in everyday life such behavior can bring a lot of problems, so proper upbringing and skillful socialization of the dog are very important. Having made it clear to the puppy that all members of your family are his friends, you will eventually get a loving, attentive and devoted friend.

Initially, one of the tasks in breeding the Staffordshire Terrier breed was to get a dog that was best suited to perform the function of a defender of the family. People of all ages will easily find a common language with Amstaff. For children, the dog will become a gentle attentive nanny who will patiently endure all the pranks of the kids. But leaving a dog alone with very young children is still not worth it.

The American Staffordshire Terrier in a quiet home environment can be the sweetest creature, striving in every possible way to cheer and please its owner. But the authority of the latter should be indisputable, and only a sufficiently experienced owner can cope with such a strong spirit and body of a dog. In order to control Amstaff and control his natural instincts, desire alone is not enough – you can't do without professional knowledge and skills.

The American Staffordshire Terrier is a dog whose upbringing and training should never be allowed to take its course. From the very first day of the appearance of a puppy in your house, you need to clearly realize all the responsibility that you have assumed by starting this particular breed.

The main thing at the first stage is to properly organize the socialization of the animal. You can start immediately after the end of the "vaccination quarantine". Pay special attention to introducing your baby to other pets. A small nuance – for this purpose it is better to choose the most good-natured and affectionate pets (you probably know such in your yard or nearby). The puppy is very curious, and it is important that he has only pleasant memories from new acquaintances, since the fright he experienced will be remembered for a long time and will eventually turn into aggression. Surprisingly, the little Amstaff can even remember the breed of his abuser. This is fraught with problems in the future.

Often the owners of Staffordshire Terriers, raising a pet, resort to two extremes. They either allow everything or forbid everything. Both are wrong. In the first case, when the dog grows up, you will look, to put it mildly, funny on walks with her. The sight of the owner vainly trying to keep the powerful Amstaff tearing off the leash (even for peaceful purposes) is simply pathetic. In the second case, you will grow up a coward. And from cowardice to malice is one step. And when your pet will make it – no one knows.

Obviously, some people consider the American Staffordshire Terrier to be an unsafe dog. You should be prepared for the fact that during walks, the reaction of passers-by may not always be adequate. Do not engage in arguments and explanations in raised tones, the dog will feel your aggression and think that your opponent is a danger. It is not difficult to predict the consequences of such an assessment of the situation. The best way out is to pass by in compliance with all the norms of peaceful coexistence.

Otherwise, the upbringing of Amstaff is not much different from the interaction with dogs of other breeds. They need to be engaged from the very first day of the baby's appearance at home. The principle is very simple. It says: "What is possible is always possible; what is impossible is impossible under any circumstances." What is good and what is bad should be explained patiently and persistently, but in no case using violence and punishment, without changing the rules of the game in the course.

Do not spoil your pet at least until you develop a stable behavioral stereotype in him.

Amstaffs are very smart and train well. The best results can be achieved by visiting special sites.

And the last thing: you don't need to raise a monster out of a dog. It won't make you cooler than a "cool Walker". Do not turn your pet into a tool for self-affirmation.

Amstaff is an unpretentious dog, and following simple rules will help to avoid many problems or at least minimize them.

Starting from the age of a puppy, you should systematically, within the established time frame, carry out preventive measures to combat parasites. Treatment of fleas, ticks, deworming is performed with the use of special preparations selected depending on the age and weight of your dog. Vaccination is another procedure that is extremely necessary and which should not be neglected in any case. Notes on all vaccinations must be included in the veterinary passport of the American Staffordshire Terrier.

Caring for the animal's fur is simple. For combing, a special brush is used, which not only removes dead hairs, but also massages the skin well. For daily hygiene procedures, you can use wet wipes (preferably without flavorings and hypoallergenic) or simply wipe your pet with a clean towel soaked in water. But it is often not recommended to bathe the American Staffordshire Terrier. This can harm both the skin and the coat of the dog. Do not forget about the need to use special gels and shampoos designed for this breed.

Trim the dog's claws monthly. Amstaffs do not really like to do "manicure", so it would be better if this manipulation is carried out by the owner. And you can't trust an outsider to clean your teeth with a special brush, either. Do not forget to monitor the cleanliness of the ears and the condition of the nose lobe. Dryness and cracks in this place indicate health problems in the dog.

The American Staffordshire Terrier is a dog by nature quite active, so be prepared to spend enough time communicating with it.

Although visually pugs somewhat resemble English bulldogs, boxers and the now-extinct bullenbacers from Germany, in fact their roots should be sought in the East. Moreover, you will have to dig deep, because the first extant images of short-faced dogs on ancient artifacts and mentions of them in historical documents date back to the VI-IV centuries BC. The famous ancient Chinese philosopher and politician Confucius speaks of them as companions of the nobility moving on chariots.

For a long time there was an opinion that another popular Chinese breed, Pekingese, originated from pugs. However, genetic studies allow us to confidently say that kinship relationships are built in reverse order: long-haired dogs appeared much earlier, their direct ancestors were Lhasa-apso or Chemdze-apso, who guarded Tibetan monasteries, and pugs are either a cultivated natural mutation, or the result of crossing with other short-haired breeds. Perhaps that is why Pekingese have been considered exclusively imperial pets for centuries. But not everyone could afford to have pugs either. This was the privilege of the courtiers close to the ruler. The conditions of keeping miniature dogs were truly royal, they ate much better than most ordinary subjects, often had their own rooms, servants for walking and personal guards. An attempt to steal such a dog was subject to severe punishment, up to the death penalty.

Researchers suggest that the first European to see the unusual pets of Chinese nobles was the Venetian merchant and traveler Marco Polo, who lived in an exotic country for a European for seventeen years. His "colleagues" from Holland and Portugal found themselves in the Middle Kingdom only two centuries later, in the era of Great Geographical Discoveries. They brought not only silk and spices to their homeland, but also charming Lo Chiang Tse, soon renamed to a simpler pronunciation "pug".

The sturdy fawn-colored guys with cute faces and big eyes immediately attracted the aristocrats of the Old World. However, they played a special role in the fate of the Netherlands: the vigilance of the faithful Pompey helped William the Silent to avoid death at the hands of an assassin in the midst of the war of independence from Spain. Subsequently, the revolutionary leader of the Lower Countries became the founder of the royal Orange dynasty, and the pet accompanied the owner even after his death – a sleeping dog is expertly carved at the feet of the marble figure of the Dutch founding father on the lid of his sarcophagus. Pugs have become a symbol and a living mascot for William's heirs.

Through their efforts, the dogs got to Britain, where they quickly gained popularity with the local nobility, and subsequently dispersed to the royal courts of continental Europe. Especially much for the revival of interest in the breed among the British in the second half of the XIX century was done by Queen Victoria, who doted on her pets. Then the "British" pugs were taller, lean, with an elongated muzzle and had an exceptionally light color. But, as a result of the looting of the Beijing Forbidden City during the Second Opium War by officers of the British and French armies, previously unknown black individuals came to the West. The latter are still quite rare and therefore more expensive. In general, pugs are an example of a breed whose popularity is quite stable.

The ancient breed was recognized by international organizations of dog breeders at the end of the XIX century, and the official standard of pugs was approved only in 1987. Its main criteria are as follows:

Weight and height

The norm for an adult pug is the weight range from 6.3 to 8.1 kg. The height in the standard is not clearly spelled out, but on average it is 25-30 cm for bitches and 30-33 cm for males.

General appearance

A pug is a stocky dog with square outlines (the length of the trunk is equal to the height at the withers). The musculature is well developed, gives the impression of compactness and proportionality.

Color

Pugs have fawn (beige), apricot, silver or black colors. In the first three cases, a prerequisite is the most clear contrast between the main (light) color and the dark "mask" on the muzzle, ears. The so-called "belt" is allowed – a dark stripe of fur running along the spine from the occipital protuberance to the base of the tail, and "diamond" - a dark spot on the forehead.

As noted above, all owners of pugs characterize them as friendly and lovely companions. Puppies are quite playful, but as they grow up, the need for active leisure fades away, and the main joy in the pet's life becomes quiet hours on the couch in the company of the owner.

Pugs are extremely attached to people, so it is not recommended to leave them alone for a long time, so as not to provoke stress. If you are planning a vacation or another trip, feel free to trust your pet to the care of neighbors or friends – these dogs easily come into contact even with strangers who show interest and kind feelings for them. The love of the "little tank" is enough even for children, but it is worth keeping an eye on their communication, since during the game they can inadvertently seriously injure the large and bulging eyes of the animal.

Unlike other decorative breeds, pugs are calm and balanced. They are not characterized by the "spoiled child" syndrome, which can often be encountered when dealing with "ladies" dogs. If the pug wants your attention, he will just come and settle down next to you.

Owners of pugs will not have to listen to neighbors' complaints about intrusive barking, which, of course, does not guarantee silence. Your pet will constantly sniff loudly, hiss and experience bouts of flatulence. And pugs are absolute champions in dog snoring, which you wouldn't suspect given their modest size. However, many consider the latter to be a funny feature rather than a disadvantage.

Despite their friendliness and sociability, pugs are quite stubborn, so their training seems to be a difficult occupation, without a guaranteed result. If you still decide to teach your pet simple commands, be patient and ... goodies. The carrot and stick method is simply not applicable here. Completely non-aggressive dogs do not tolerate hostility towards themselves, they can only be trained with the help of encouragement.

Taking care of a pug will not require any extra effort from the owner. Short and smooth wool does not need professional grooming, it is enough to comb it at home. During the molting period, which happens twice a year, it is recommended to do it daily, and the rest of the time – less often. By the way, the future owner should know that the pug sheds surprisingly abundantly, and be prepared for frequent cleaning. But experts advise bathing a pet as rarely as possible, so as not to violate the natural protective barrier on its skin. The best option is considered to be bath procedures once a month.

Folds and wrinkles on the muzzle require constant and close attention. They must be regularly and thoroughly cleaned of food particles and debris that gets there during their stay on the street. This will avoid inflammatory processes and infections.

The duration of daily walks depends on their intensity. A leisurely walking step can take up to an hour and a half, but a light jog should not exceed 10-15 minutes, since your pet's respiratory system is not designed for marathon races. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the temperature and humidity of the air – for a pug, hypothermia or overheating can become fatal without exaggeration. Short wool without a powerful undercoat does not protect it from low temperatures, so in the cold season it is important not to forget about special clothing. The features of the structure of the muzzle do not allow you to effectively remove excess heat, and even with an increase in body temperature by 3-4 ° C, your pet may die. In connection with this summer, it needs to be kept in an air-conditioned room.

Unfortunately, we have to admit that pugs are not the healthiest dogs. Throughout their lives, they have to deal with both congenital and acquired diseases. The most serious of the first category are encephalitis, the cause of which has not yet been definitively clarified by veterinarians, and epilepsy.

The most vulnerable places in the body of representatives of this breed are the eyes and respiratory system. Many pets go partially or completely blind as a result of mechanical damage, infections and other diseases. Cases of seasonal or chronic allergies are not uncommon. But the most common problem of this breed is undoubtedly obesity against the background of excessive appetite and low physical activity. By itself, it is not lethal, but it shortens life expectancy, exacerbating existing health problems.

French bulldogs, despite the name, were bred in England. In the XIX century, breeders decided to create a breed of companion dog, which could be easily kept in urban conditions. Artisans, seamstresses, lace makers did not miss the opportunity to get a mischievous pet, which pleased the owners with a light disposition and funny habits. To breed such a dog, breeders selected the smallest English bulldogs, crossed them with terriers, pugs. That's how the modern breed appeared.

In the second half of the XIX century, the demand for manual labor greatly decreased due to the rapid development of manufactories. Many English workers moved to France, taking their beloved dogs. According to another version, the bulldogs were brought here by traders. The good-natured nature, the ability to catch small rodents and unusually large erect ears instantly attracted the attention of the French public to this breed.

In Paris, the first owners, or rather owners, of small bulldogs were courtesans. There are a lot of photo postcards with naked or semi-naked women posing with their pets. Very quickly, the fashion for these dogs spread in high society, as also evidenced by numerous pictures. Since the 80s of the XIX century, a real boom in the popularity of the breed began. At that time, Paris was already the fashion capital of the world, so the whole world soon learned about French bulldogs. In 1890, dogs were brought to the USA, and 7 years later the FBDCA (French Bulldog Club of America) was established.

French bulldogs made their debut to the general public at the English exhibition in 1896, where they won the admiration of many dog breeders. Breeders became interested in breeding these dogs. The popularity of the breed grew rapidly, and in 1913 about a hundred French bulldogs arrived at the Westminster exhibition. Initially, these dogs were called Bouledogue Francais, but at the beginning of the twentieth century the name was changed to French Bulldog. The Kennel Club in 1905 recognized the breed as independent, separating it from the English bulldogs.

In the 20s of the twentieth century, these cute pets came to the territory of Russia, but since puppies were very expensive, only representatives of the nobility and just rich people could afford a French bulldog. One of the most famous fans of the French bulldogs was Fyodor Chaliapin. Over time, the popularity of these dogs declined, but they still managed to take 21st place in the popularity rating among 167 breeds registered by the AKC.

There is a beautiful legend that a French bulldog named Gamin de Pycombe, being a pet of one of the passengers of the Titanic, managed to escape from a shipwreck and even find a new owner. However, this is only half the truth - archival records confirm the presence of a bulldog on board, but he failed to survive. Since the dog was insured, its owner received an impressive compensation - more than 20 thousand dollars. Another representative of the breed that went down in history under sad circumstances was Ortipo, the favorite of Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna (daughter of Nicholas II). The dog died together with the owner during the execution of the royal family.

Dogs of this breed are great for staying with a family. Wonderful character, playfulness and friendliness - that's what has always made French bulldogs so popular. Pets are very fond of all family members, big and small. At a young age, it is an active and temperamental dog, over time it becomes more sluggish and imposing. The French bulldog craves the owner's constant attention, active games and affection, so it is not recommended to start elderly or overly busy people.

Cheerful character, the ability to do without long walks and ease of care make the pet a good option for inexperienced dog breeders. Such a companion will be happy to entertain family members and guests, brightening up even the most gloomy day. The French bulldog feels the mood well, so if the owner feels bad, he will try to please him or just sit next to him. Despite its compact size, the dog is ready to stand up for himself and his owner in case of a threat from other people or animals.

Dogs of this breed do not like to be alone for a long time. The animal begins to yearn and bully, a constant feeling of loneliness can make it more aggressive, wayward. The French bulldog gets along well with other pets, if they do not force him to defend himself. But on the street, a Frenchman often conflicts with unfamiliar dogs and cats, so much attention should be paid to training, socialization.

It is not easy to train French bulldogs, because by nature they are stubborn, they quickly get bored with repetitive actions. Experienced experts advise you to always use treats for encouragement, using short training cycles. Especially stubborn representatives of the breed can be trained by building a training process in the form of a game. It is advisable to take a course of UGS from a professional dog handler.

French bulldogs are sentimental, have a good memory. In order for the puppy to adapt to the new home faster, ask the breeder for a toy or a thing already familiar to the baby. Education should begin from the very first day, despite the tender age of a four-legged friend. Do not succumb to the charm of cute eyes – calmly, but firmly designate your own leadership. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to cope with the dog in the future – adults practically do not change their character throughout their lives. Immediately show the dog the tray (toilet), the place where his bowl is located, the area for games and recreation. The kid can be taught the commands "To me", "Not allowed" and "Fu" pretty quickly. These are the basic orders that will help in communicating with the dog, even if you are not going to train it in any special way.

Up to about 8 months, the puppy will actively test the owner for strength, trying to gain leadership. Strictly stop hooliganism and aggression, but never hit the dog, give up shouting, profanity. An authoritative voice is enough for punishment. If the puppy does everything right, do not forget to praise him, surround the pet with care – this will speed up the learning process, prevent bitterness. Soon the dog will finally come to terms with the main role of a person, becoming a devoted friend.

The outlook and character are fully formed in the French bulldog by the age of 16 weeks. Up to this point, it is important to socialize the pet as best as possible, to train teams, to accustom to hygienic and cosmetic procedures.

Supporters of the animal rights movement believe that a person should not kill animals in order to use meat and skins. Some vegetarians (vegans) in addition to meat also do not eat milk and eggs.

Supporters of the animal rights movement believe that a person should not kill animals in order to use meat and skins. Some vegetarians (vegans) in addition to meat also do not eat milk and eggs.

Pets are animals that have been domesticated by a reasonable person and which he supports by providing them with shelter and food. They benefit him either as a source of material goods and services, or as companion animals that brighten up his leisure time. Most pets breed easily. By conducting breeding, a person can control their reproduction and the signs that they transmit to their offspring.

A few thousand years ago, ancient man took the first steps to tame wild animals in order to use them for his own purposes. And today it is already difficult to imagine our life without pets, as if they have always been faithful companions of people. Initially, man sought to get something valuable from animals, providing them with shelter and food. However, according to anthropology, in ancient times they also served as a source of aesthetic pleasure.

Some domestic animals (farm animals) bring direct material benefits to a person, for example, being a source of food (milk, meat), materials (wool, leather). Other animals (working cattle and service animals) benefit a person by performing work functions (cargo transportation, security, etc.).

The second big category is companion animals that occupy leisure time, give pleasure and with whom you can communicate. For urban residents, the concept of "pets" is more often associated with the second category, that is, with "pets (pets)". Many families who keep some animals at home note that these animals create comfort, soothe, relieve stress.

It should be borne in mind that animals of the same breed can often be used for different purposes. For example, someone breeds rabbits for harvesting meat and fur, and someone keeps a rabbit at home as a pet. Some waste products of the companion animal can be used as insignificant production raw materials. So, from a long-haired dog, as well as a cat or a rabbit, you can collect a certain amount of wool and use it to knit warm clothes for yourself or family members. Feathers of domestic birds are used for decorative crafts and fine art.

Pets can be kept in special rooms (barnyard, stable, doghouse), but they can also live directly in a person's house. Of those animals that live in the house, some are kept in cages, aquariums, terrariums and other "houses", while others (for example, cats, dogs, rabbits) are allowed to move freely around the room.

Pets in developed countries feed mainly on commercially created feeds from specially selected components. These are compound feeds for farm animals, cat or dog food. These feeds are not only convenient to use, but also provide the animal with all the necessary substances. However, for a number of domestic animals, in particular most amphibians and reptiles, such feeds are not suitable. Their diet at home should be as close to natural as possible. In addition to pets, there may be unwanted tenants in the house — house animals. They settle in or near a person's home without an invitation, bringing no benefit and sometimes causing a lot of harm. These are, for example, rats, mice, cockroaches, ants, cats. House animals are part of a larger group of synanthropic animals that live near human habitation.

Pets are descended from wild animals living in the wild. Many wild animals can be tamed, especially at a young age, and even kept at home. Sometimes it happens that wild animals are easily tamed, but hardly reproduce in captivity. But if tamed animals reproduce, then their offspring need to be tamed again.

Unlike wild animals tamed or kept in captivity, domestic animals tend to breed easily. In the case when such easy reproduction is desirable, fertility is spoken of as a positive quality. The offspring of domestic animals do not need to be tamed — the characteristic features that make an animal domestic are fixed in the genes and are inherited. This genetic set was formed in the process of breeding, which people have been carrying out for centuries.

The number of species of domestic animals is relatively small relative to the total number of species in the animal world. So, there are more than two thousand species of mammals in the world, and there are only about 40 species of domestic animals. If you remove from the list of pets such organisms as representatives of insects (bee, cochineal, two or three species of silkworm) and two species of fish (goldfish and carp, for more information in the section aquariums), then only 27 species of "real" pets will remain.

All domestic animals are included in the general biological classification along with their wild relatives:

Livestock, as a rule, belongs to the class of mammals, the order of artiodactyls and the suborder of ruminants. In the full sense, livestock, that is, animals whose existence fundamentally depends on a person and without which, in turn, it is difficult for a person to do without, no more than 7-8 species. These species have played a historical role in the development of culture. These include cow (or cattle), sheep, goat (small cattle), buffalo, dromedary, bactrian, llama, alpaca and reindeer. In Asia, the functions of the bull are performed by the banteng and gayal, and in Tibet by the yak. From non-ruminant artiodactyls, a pig belongs to livestock. Ungulate cattle — domestic horse, pony, donkey and mule.

Dog, cat, frette - predatory (Carnivora).

Rabbit - hare-like (Lagomorpha).

Guinea pig, mouse, decorative rodent rat (Rodentia).

The question of whether cats are fully domesticated remains open. They still retain the habits of their wild relatives, although they have been living next to humans for many thousands of years. Unlike dogs, they are not so strongly attached to a person, remaining independent. According to one point of view, for cats, coexistence next to humans is only an opportunity to live in good conditions while continuing to hunt birds and rodents. But there is an opinion that this proud animal, like a dog, is able to establish emotional contact with its owner and feel a sense of affection.

Domestic birds are classified as follows:

the order galliformes (Galliformes) — chicken, Turkey, Japanese quail, Guinea fowl, pheasant and peacock

squad waterfowl (Anseriformes) — mute Swan, goose, duck and Muscovy duck,

the order columbiformes (Columbiformes) — dove gray and Turkish

the group of passerine birds (Passeriformes) — Canary,

squad psittaciformes (Psittaciformes) — budgie.

Since the XIX century, domesticated ostriches have been bred in Africa, and then in Asia, Europe and North America, which belong to the order of ostrich-like (Struthioniformes)

Not all of the animals listed here are equally domesticated. Farm animals are the most domesticated. They have a highly developed ability to adapt (with human assistance) to a variety of external conditions. For example, they can endure extreme cold and heat and eat food, not only given by nature itself, but also prepared artificially. Such properties are possessed by a cow, a sheep, a horse and a pig, and therefore they are common on the farm. But there are also those that, such as buffalo, camel, reindeer, llama and alpaca (paco), live only in certain areas — in very cold, or in hot strips of Asia and Africa or on the high mountains of Peru.

Pets are of great benefit to humans: they are a source of food (dairy products, meat, fat, eggs), raw materials for making clothes, shoes, carry heavy loads and help to perform agricultural work, as well as security, communication and other tasks (dogs, cats, some birds). Insects allow you to get useful products: honey, raw materials for the manufacture of silk. Microorganisms (along with fungi and plants) are an essential resource of the pharmaceutical industry.

Sometimes animals are kept for pleasure and entertainment: insects, reptiles, birds, mammals.

Supporters of the animal rights movement believe that a person should not kill animals in order to use meat and skins. Some vegetarians (vegans) in addition to meat also do not eat milk and eggs.

A ukulele is a miniature four-stringed ukulele. Translated from Hawaiian, "ukulele" is a jumping flea. The ukulele is common on various Pacific islands, but is associated primarily with Hawaiian music.

The ukuleleukulele (/ˌjuːkəˈleɪli/ YOO-kə-LAY-lee; from Hawaiian: ʻukulele [ˈʔukuˈlɛlɛ], approximately OO-koo-LEH-leh) is a member of the lute family of instruments of Portuguese origin and popularized in Hawaii. It generally employs four nylon strings.

The ukulele is commonly associated with music from Hawaii, where its name roughly translates as "jumping flea", perhaps because of the movement of the player's fingers. Legend attributes it to the nickname of Englishman Edward William Purvis, one of King Kalākaua's officers, because of his small size, fidgety manner, and playing expertise. One of the earliest appearances of the word ukulele in print (in the sense of a stringed instrument) is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations published in 1907. The catalog describes two ukuleles from Hawaii - one that is similar in size to a modern soprano ukulele, and one that is similar to a tenor (see § Types and sizes).

The sound depends on the size of the instrument, so it is important to choose the most suitable option for you. There are four types of ukulele.

The soprano ukulele is the most common type. The smallest ukulele, the sound of which is considered classic. Ukuleles of this type are cheaper than others, so beginners often choose sopranos. The length of such a ukulele is on average 53 cm, the number of frets is 12-14.

The alto ukulele (or concert ukulele) is the next largest instrument after the soprano. The length is about 58 cm, the number of frets is 15-20. This type of ukulele is preferred by people with large hands. Ukuleles of this type also have a deeper sound than soprano ukuleles.

Tenor-ukulele, the length of which is about 66 cm; the number of frets – from 15. Its sound is even deeper than that of a concert ukulele, and it allows you to extract even more sounds due to a longer neck.

The baritone is a ukulele, the length of which is from 76 cm, and on the neck of which there are 19 frets or more. The baritone ukulele is tuned in the same way as the guitar on the four lower strings, which makes these two instruments very similar. Due to the impressive size, instruments of this type no longer have the classical sound of a ukulele, but a baritone ukulele will suit you if you need a truly deep and rich sound.

The structure of the ukulele is slightly different from a guitar or other stringed musical instrument. Component parts of the tool:

The case is wooden, hollow, has a small hole under the strings - a socket.

The neck is an oblong wooden "neck" of the instrument, the upper and flat surface of the neck is called an overlay.

Frets are sections of the fingerboard, separated by metal thresholds. Each fret has its own note for each string.

The head of the neck is the part of the mane on which the pegs are located.

Strings. The ukulele is usually fitted with four strings (sometimes six).

The term originated at the beginning of the XIX century. Initially, it was understood as a set of traditionally feminine, feminine traits and opposed to masculinity. Towards the end of the XIX century, the word "feminist" appeared — this is how the activists of the suffragette movement began to be called, and the word "feminism" gradually acquired its familiar meaning.

The first wave: the end of the XIX - the middle of the XX century. The activists of the first wave fought for political equality and access to education. In the early 1920s, it seemed that all other problems would be solved when the candidates for whom women would vote came to power.

Second wave: 1960-1990s. By the end of the 1950s, in Europe and the USA, not political, but domestic and career equality came to the fore. The ideas of the second wave of feminism finally took shape with the publication of Simone de Beauvoir's book "The Second Sex". In her book, she writes: "Femininity and feminine nature do not exist — these are just cultural attitudes that we are forced to follow." According to Beauvoir, girls are taught from childhood that there is a certain "hierarchy of the sexes", where they are given second place.

Third wave: 1990-2008. The issues of sexual and gender identity have come to the agenda. Several new trends emerged at once, the most notable of which were intersectional and radical feminism.

The fourth wave: from 2008 to the present. Modern feminism has gone online. Social networks have become the main platform for activism, and body positivity and harassment have been added to the discussed problems. Since the fourth wave is in many ways similar to the third, not everyone singles it out as a new round of development of the women's movement.

It is important to distinguish between the concepts of "gender" and "gender". Gender is a set of innate biological characteristics that distinguish men from women. Biological sex is determined by primary and secondary sexual characteristics — mainly visible differences in the genitals belong to them.

Gender is a set of social norms that are not innate and exist only within the framework of culture. For example, a woman is a "keeper of the hearth", and a man is a "breadwinner", who also cannot cry. A lot of stereotypes have formed around gender. Some believe that women are worse than men at solving logical problems, and men are interested in technology from birth. In fact, this is not the case, and neuroscientists have long refuted popular gender stereotypes.

If the biological sex coincides with the inner sense of self and a person accepts the prescribed gender role, he is called cisgender (that is, "on this side" of gender). But this is not the only option. For example, there are intersex people — those whose primary or secondary sexual characteristics do not fit into the standard ideas about the male or female body. For example, the shape of the genitals may be male, and the reproductive system may be female. In addition, the set of chromosomes in an intersex person may differ from the typical XY for men and XX for women. Normally, variations XXY, XXYY and others are possible. Because of this, the "genital sex", which is determined by obstetricians by external signs, may differ from chromosomal or hormonal.

This is the direction of feminism, which is based on intersectionality. This sociological theory assumes that a person can be discriminated against on several criteria at the same time and such discrimination will be stronger. For example, a white cisgender woman will be oppressed only on the basis of gender. And a black trans person will also face racism and transphobia. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve equality if only women's rights are defended. It is also necessary to combat other manifestations of discrimination — homophobia, racism, economic discrimination.

Kimberly Crenshaw, a lawyer, civil rights defender, and philosopher, is considered the creator of intersectional theory. Although international ideas have been discussed since the end of the XIX century, it was Crenshaw who first engaged in the scientific substantiation of the concept and gave it its name in 1989.

Radical feminism (often abbreviated as radfem) views society as a patriarchal system where men systematically oppress women.

According to radfem, in the patriarchy, men by default have power and economic privileges. With the help of social institutions, men keep women in a subordinate position and control their sexuality.

Since patriarchy is based on the community of men, Radfem sees female unity as the most effective way to fight oppression. Some radical representatives of the movement believe that liberation is possible only in isolation from men.

Also, unlike intersectional ones, radical feminists believe that since a child inevitably undergoes gender socialization, in one culture all people of the same sex face similar problems in the process of growing up. Girls are dressed in pink, praised for obedience and scolded for excessive aggression. Therefore, while sexism exists as the most fundamental form of oppression, the radfem focus only on women, leaving other equality issues to other activists - for example, LGBT+ or Black Lives Matter.