Rikky Gross

Nutritionology or nutrition science is a science aimed at studying the functional, metabolic, hygienic and clinical aspects of the interaction of nutrients and how they affect the body. Nutritionology studies the mechanisms of healthy nutrition, the motives of a person's food choice, determines nutrition systems and strategies for rational human nutrition. Unlike dietetics, nutritionology is not engaged in the study and selection of nutrition for the preservation of health in various pathologies, and also differs in a comprehensive approach to the study of nutrition problems.

Nutritionology originated at the junction of several sciences, including chemistry, biology, and food hygiene. Abroad, nutritionology is a specialty that can be obtained in universities and colleges. In Russia, people with medical or chemical-biological education most often become nutritionists – after acquiring their main specialty, they complete a residency in the field of dietetics and nutritionology. However, people can get an education in the field of nutritionology even without medical education, having completed professional retraining courses. Training programs for nutritionists operate at the Russian State Social University (RSSU), the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), the First Moscow State Medical University named after Sechenov, the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education (RMANPO), the I. I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University (I. I. Mechnikov NWSMU)

The harp is a stringed plucked musical instrument, consisting of two frames arranged at an angle, between which many strings are stretched. One of the oldest instruments, the symbol of Ireland. In the XVIII century, the pedal harp was invented, which became the standard in classical music.

The harp belongs to the oldest musical instruments. Even in the visual arts of the Cycladic civilization, the story of a sitting harpist was widespread. Such marble statuettes date back to 2800-2300 BC . The earliest ancient Egyptian depictions of the harp date back to about 2400 BC .

There are typologically different arc, angular and frame harps. The frame harp is the most characteristic for Europe. In Europe the oldest written record of a harp traditionally erected to Venancio Fortunato (VI century ad):

Roman will give you praises with the lyre, barbarian — the harp, the Greek will I sing praise unto thee Heel tool, the British — at the rot.

K. Sachs and other researchers believe that "the heel instrument" refers to the early form of the lyre — helis.

Since the harp already had a significant sound range in the old days, and there is not enough space for the strings of the full chromatic scale, the strings are stretched on the harp only to extract the sounds of the diatonic scale. Only two scales can be played on a harp without pedals — C major and A minor. For chromatic increases in the old days, the strings had to be shortened by pressing the fingers at the neck; later this pressing began to be done with the help of hooks driven by the hand. Such harps turned out to be extremely inconvenient for performers; these shortcomings were largely eliminated by the mechanism in the pedals, invented by Jacob Hochbrucker in 1720. This master attached seven pedals to the harp, acting as conductors, which passed through the empty space of the bar to the neck and there brought the hooks into such a position that they, firmly attached to the strings, produced chromatic increases in the entire volume of the instrument.

In 1810, Sebastian Erard perfected the Hochbrucker mechanism and patented a double-pedal harp in Paris, which is currently in use.

There is a kind of harp designed for playing together (in four hands).

The first serial production of harps in the USSR was launched in 1948 in Leningrad at the Lunacharsky Musical Instrument Factory.

The mandolin is an Italian musical instrument with four double metal strings tuned in fifths and plucked with a pick. The long-lasting sound of one note is provided by using a mandolin-specific tremolo technique of rapidly alternating strikes on the string.

The ancestor of the mandolin and other instruments of the lute family is the Arabic oud, which appeared in the VIII century during the Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, first in Spain, and then, moving eastward, in other countries of Western Europe. On its basis, varieties of instruments began to appear under the names bandola, pandura, pandurina, mandora, mandola and others, formed from the Arabic roots ban, pan, tam, meaning lute-shaped instruments and originating from the Greek pandúra. The name mandolin is a diminutive form of the word mandola, that is, it is a smaller instrument.

One of the earliest types of mandolin of the XVII-XVIII centuries, called the Milan mandolin, is similar to a lute and has 4-6 pairs of vein strings with a quarto or quarto-tertian tuning Gm Nm E1 A1 D2 G2.

In the 1720s and 1730s, the Neapolitan master Antonio Vinaccia created a new type of mandolin, which, after the improvement of Pasquale Vinaccia in 1835, received its finished form. Its innovation was the possibility of installing metal strings, the presence of pegboard mechanics, an increased volume of the resonator body and the length of the instrument, the number of frets increased from 12-13 to 17. A pick for playing the mandolin has been used since the second half of the XVIII century

In the XVII century, dance and song arrangements were created for the Milan mandolin. Together with other stringed plucked instruments, it is used in the orchestra when performing operas, cantatas, oratorios, instrumental music, in the accompanying basso continuo group. In the XVIII century, an aria with mandolin accompaniment became popular in operas and oratorios. Solo performance reaches its peak in concerts and other major works by A. Vivaldi, I.A. Hasse.

For the Neapolitan mandolin in 1761-1783, many collections with mandolin duets, sonatas for mandolin and bass, and vocal works were published in Paris. L.V. Beethoven wrote three pieces: Theme with variations in D Major, Sonatina in C Major, Adagio in E-flat major. In 1963 they were published in an arrangement by V.M. Blok for piano, with a preface by musicologist N.L. Fishman. In 1799, I.N. Gummel created a mandolin concerto. As an instrument to accompany serenades, the mandolin was used in the comic operas The Jealous Lover, the Barber of Seville, Don Juan. The most impressive sound of the instrument in the orchestra is manifested in the mandolin choir, for example, S. Prokofiev used 12 mandolins in the "fool's dance" of the ballet Romeo and Juliet.

A musical instrument is an object capable of producing a sound that is aesthetically perceived as musical. All musical instruments are divided primarily into three groups, depending on what is the source of sound: string (vibration of the string from mechanical action), wind (vibrations caused by the pressure of the air flow) and percussion (vibration of a solid surface). These groups, in turn, are divided into several depending on the method of sound production, among which there are wooden and brass wind instruments, tongue. Keyboard instruments can belong to all three groups, the sources of sound vibrations in them are different. The generally accepted scientific classification of musical instruments is the Hornbostel—Sachs system.

The physical basis of a musical instrument that produces musical sounds (with the exception of electrical devices) is a resonator. It can be a string, a column of air in some volume, an oscillating circuit, or another object capable of storing the supplied energy in the form of vibrations. The resonant frequency of the resonator determines the basic tone (the first overtone) of the sound produced. The instrument can produce as many sounds simultaneously as there are resonators mounted in it. The sound begins at the moment of energy input into the resonator. The resonant frequencies of the resonators of some instruments can often be smoothly or discretely changed while playing the instrument. To forcibly stop the sound, you can use damping.

In musical instruments that produce non-musical sounds, such as percussion, the presence of a resonator is not essential.