Bogdan Yusupov

Pskov is one of the oldest cities in Russia, first mentioned in the Laurentian Chronicle under 903. In 1348-1510 it was the capital of the independent Pskov Republic. In 1510 it was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Until the beginning of the 18th century, Pskov was one of the largest cities in Russia and Europe, the most important defensive and commercial center of the country. The Pskov fortress, consisting of five fortress rings (three of which have been preserved to this day), made Pskov almost impregnable.

Population

Pskov is the largest city in the Pskov region. As of January 1, 2021, in terms of population, the city was in 95th place out of 1116 cities of the Russian Federation.

Population: 209,426 (2021)

Founding of the city, history and legends

It is impossible to indicate the exact date of the foundation of the city - the first mention of it in the "Tale of Bygone Years" refers to 903, but how long the city (or settlement) of Pskov existed until then is unknown. It is certain that in the 6th century there were already settlements of the Krivichi Slavs on Pskov land.

Two main legends about the founding of the city are associated with the name of Grand Duchess Olga, the wife of Prince Igor and the first Russian saint, who was baptized with the name Elena. According to one of these legends, Prince Igor was captivated by the beauty and wisdom of a young carrier across the Velikaya River - the future princess earned her dowry with such a difficult craft. The second legend tells how Olga, after receiving Holy Baptism, while traveling around the Pskov lands, saw a sign - three beams falling from the sky, converging on a high cape, at the confluence of the Velikaya and Pskov rivers. Considering this a sign of God, the Grand Duchess exclaimed, “In this place there will be a temple of the Holy Trinity and a great, glorious and abundant city!..” This is how the Trinity Cathedral arose - an architectural complex from which, according to legend, the whole city grew. This event is attributed to the year 957.

The people of Pskov have long called their city "the home of the Holy Trinity." The stone Trinity Cathedral that has survived to this day on the territory of the Pskov Kremlin was built on the site of that legendary wooden church.

XII - XIII centuries.

The favorable geographical position of Pskov quickly made it a powerful economic center that controls water trade routes. Until the beginning of XII, Pskov was part of Kievan Rus (however, not being a princely patrimony), then it belonged to the Novgorod principality.

At the beginning of the 12th century, a Russian saint reigned in Pskov for a short time, Prince Vsevolod (in baptism Gabriel), who was buried in the Holy Trinity Cathedral.

In 1240, Pskov was captured by German and Danish knights, from whom the city was liberated by Alexander Nevsky, after which the famous battle on Lake Peipus (Battle on the Ice) took place, where the knights were finally defeated, and the Crusade against Russia ended.

Since 1266, the Lithuanian prince Dovmont, who converted to Orthodoxy and learned the name Timothy in baptism, won the love and trust of Pskov through successful military campaigns against Lithuania and the Levonian Order. During his thirty-three-year reign in Pskov, the first stone city wall was built, which to this day bears his name (Dovmont's wall, and Dovmont's city inside it). After the death of the Lithuanian prince, who proved his loyalty to the Pskov land and the Orthodox faith, the Lithuanians did not dare to resume their invasions for a long time.

In 1309, the second (“middle”) wall was built, which secured the part of the city that was outside the Dovmont wall. Later, it, in turn, was surrounded by a third wall. Thus, the city was surrounded by three stone walls, which made it an almost impregnable fortress.

XVIII – XIX centuries.

Under Peter I, Pskov doubled its military importance. As a frontier town, it becomes a rallying point for troops and training recruits during the Great Northern War. The king himself visited the city several times, and ordered to strengthen the ancient city walls, as well as pour defensive ramparts.

However, after the peaceful annexation of Livonia to Russia, Pskov loses its strategic value and military significance. Trade with Western countries has practically dried up - thus Pskov also ceases to be a significant economic point. And after the opening of the port in St. Petersburg, he finally loses trade prospects. The fire of 1710 completes the decline of Pskov, which destroyed a huge part of the city's buildings.

After the reorganization of administrative management in Russia, when the state was divided into provinces and provinces, Pskov became a provincial city of the Novgorod province, and in 1776 received the status of a provincial city.

Pskov is not the least important in the war of 1812, when, being a front-line city, it organizes a center for helping the wounded of the Russian army, creates its own militia and forms a cuirassier regiment that went through the entire war. Literally all residents of the city participate in helping the wounded. Those who did not have enough space in a military hospital were often sent home by the people of Pskov. It is also worth noting that the outstanding commander Mikhail Kutuzov, who largely decided the course of the war, came from a family of Pskov nobles.

The 19th century becomes a favorable time in the history of the city. With the construction of the railway linking St. Petersburg and Warsaw, trade is gradually reviving, Pskov is regaining its former glory. The city is growing, stone buildings are being built. The unique development of the city, replete with temples, churches, as well as secular medieval buildings, surrounded by ancient, already crumbling walls, give the city a unique face of a museum city.

Modernity of Pskov

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, most of Pskov's industrial enterprises fell into disrepair and were closed. But the restoration of churches, temples and other monuments of architecture and history began. Most of the churches in the city are currently active.

Nowadays Pskov is a developed industrial city. Several large industries operate here. Also, the city is an unconditional cultural center, rich in theaters, museums and countless unique architectural monuments, which annually attract a large number of Russian and foreign tourists. Pskov was awarded the honorary title of the City of Military Glory, in 2003 the city celebrated the 1100th anniversary of the first mention in the Tale of Bygone Years.

In the modern city there are many parks, gardens and squares, as well as a botanical garden and an arboretum. Literary, theater and music festivals are held in Pskov.

In 2010, Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the creation of the Pskov State University, which united several educational institutions in Pskov and the Pskov region.

Also in 2010, the City Duma approved the modern symbols of the city - the coat of arms and the flag. The basis of the modern Pskov coat of arms is the ancient, historical coat of arms. It depicts a leopard on a blue background, above it is the right hand of God. The emblem is supported by two leopards with swords of the main patrons of the city - Vsevolod and Dovmont. The inscription at the bottom of the coat of arms "We will not give up our honor to anyone" - the military motto of the first Pskov prince Vsevolod-Gabriel - perfectly reflects the milestones of the centuries-old history of the ancient Russian city, an impregnable fortress standing on the border of its country.

Poikilothermy is an evolutionary adaptation of a species or (in medicine and physiology) a state of an organism in which the body temperature of a living being varies widely depending on the temperature of the external environment.

This is true of most invertebrates, as well as fish, amphibians, and reptiles. In winter, cold-blooded animals fall into a state of stupor, which is associated with a significant decrease in body temperature.

Poikilothermia in living beings

Poikilothermic organisms include all modern taxa of the organic world, except for two classes of vertebrates - birds and mammals. For a long time it was believed that all mammals are warm-blooded, but modern research has shown that the naked mole rat is the only cold-blooded representative of this class known today; it was also assumed that the extinct Balearic goat belonged to the poikilothermic mammals. The question of whether dinosaurs were cold-blooded animals is also debatable, but recently scientists are more inclined to the version of their warm-bloodedness, based on studies of oxygen isotopes, growth rates, etc. In addition, the number of finds of dinosaurs with dense feather-like covers is also constantly growing, even in those species that had nothing to do with flight. It is believed that warm-bloodedness is the basal feature of all archosaurs, and even many crocodylomorphs, including the ancestors of modern crocodiles, were warm-blooded. The often distinguished concept of inertial warm-bloodedness or gigantothermia - when the body warms up in the sun, after which, due to the large size of the body, it keeps a relatively constant temperature, like large modern crocodiles, should not be removed from the definition of poikilothermia, since the body is still unable to produce enough heat on its own.

Reptiles poikilothermic

The term cold-blooded is used as a synonym for poikilothermy. The comparison is wrong. Poikilothermic animals are not active at low temperatures, and some even die.

The latter option is relevant for the inhabitants of the tropics. Reptiles from there die at temperatures below 20-25 degrees. Reptiles are divided into 4 orders. Let's take a look at some representatives.

Galapagos elephant tortoise

Represents a detachment of turtles among reptiles. It contains about 300 species. The Galapagos is the largest of the terrestrial tortoises. In the sea, the giant is different - a leathery species. Its representatives are gaining a 900-kilogram mass. Galapagos tortoises weigh about 3 centners. The species is dying out, listed in the International Red Book.

Soft-bodied tortoise trionyx

This is a freshwater animal. Instead of horny plates, the Trionyx carapace is leathery. Differences are also paws with 5 fingers, 3 of which are clawed and connected by a membrane. Trionix weighs 3-4 kilos, and reaches a length of 30 centimeters.

All turtles are poikilothermic animals. This does not prevent their extensive classification. So, in addition to land, freshwater and marine, there are side-necked and hidden-necked species. The former hide their heads from the side of one of the forelimbs. Hidden neck turtles fold their necks into an S.

Among living creatures that exist today, birds and mammals are homoiothermic (the only exception is naked mole rats). In addition, on May 15, 2015, the first fully warm-blooded fish was discovered by scientists from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The question of whether pterosaurs and dinosaurs were warm-blooded animals is also debatable, although recently researchers are increasingly inclined towards warm-bloodedness, and disputes are already about which of the species were warm-blooded and which were not. It is also not entirely clear what kind of endothermy dinosaurs had, but the available evidence suggests that large dinosaurs had at least inertial homoiothermy.

Types of homoiothermy

True homoiothermy occurs when a living being has a sufficient metabolic rate to maintain its body temperature at a constant level through self-production of energy from the food it consumes. Modern birds and mammals are truly homoiothermal creatures. In addition to sufficient energy capabilities, they also have various mechanisms designed to retain heat (feathers, wool, subcutaneous layer of adipose tissue) and to protect against overheating at high ambient temperatures (sweating). The disadvantage of this mechanism is that a lot of energy is needed to maintain body temperature, and, accordingly, the need for food is higher than in any other case.

Inertial homoiothermy is the maintenance of a constant body temperature due to large size and large body weight, as well as specific behavior (for example, bask in the sun, cool in water). The effectiveness of the mechanism of inertial endothermy depends primarily on the ratio of heat capacity (simplified, mass) and the average heat flux through the body surface (simplified, body area), so this mechanism can be clearly observed only in large species. An inertial-homoiothermal being slowly heats up during periods of rising temperature, and during periods of cooling it slowly cools down, that is, due to the large heat capacity, fluctuations in body temperature are smoothed out.The disadvantage of inertial homeothermy is that it is possible only in a certain type of climate - when the average ambient temperature corresponds to the desired body temperature and there are no long periods of severe cooling or warming. Of the advantages, a small need for food with a fairly high level of activity should be highlighted. A typical example of inertial homeothermy is the crocodile. The skin of a crocodile is covered with rectangular horny shields, which are arranged in regular rows on the back and abdomen, under them in the dorsal and less often in the abdominal part osteoderms develop, forming a shell. Osteoderms in the daytime accumulate heat coming along with sunlight. Due to this, the body temperature of a large crocodile during the day can fluctuate within only one or two degrees. Along with crocodiles, a state close to inertial homoiothermy can be observed in the largest land and sea turtles, as well as Komodo dragons, large pythons and boas.

Homoiothermic animals regulate body temperature regardless of environmental conditions. The mechanism is energy-consuming, but it allows organs and systems to always function with comfortable heating.

In nature, there are also poikilotherms. Homoiothermic animals are considered superior to them in terms of development, evolution. Poikilotherms heat up and cool down together with the environment. Some jumps in temperature are ruining. Others slow down the processes of life, falling into hibernation.

Ground frogs, for example, hibernate in the ground in a state of suspended animation. In addition to amphibians, poikilothermic creatures include reptiles, fish, protozoa, and invertebrates. Hence, mammals and birds are homoiothermal.

Evolutionary mechanisms of adaptation of homoiothermic animals

Since warm-blooded animals do not depend on their environment to maintain their body temperature, they can live in both hot and cold regions of the world. They have various adaptations to keep warm, including thick coats, feathers in birds, or blubber in marine mammals.

There are also various behavioral responses, including chills, migration, or hibernation during the cold season. Some birds migrate thousands of kilometers to warmer regions. There are also many small warm-blooded birds and mammals known to hibernate.

Sweat glands are used to lower body temperature; in primates they are present throughout the body, while in cats and dogs the glands are found only on the legs. Shortness of breath is another mechanism for heat loss.

Birsk is located on the high right bank of the Belaya River, 98 km from the city of Ufa.

History

This is the second Russian city-fortress in Bashkiria (after Ufa), founded in 1663 as a fortress on the site of the village of Arkhangelsky Kazan road burned during the Bashkir uprising. He played a big role in the settlement of Bashkiria by Russians. Birsk was originally a Russian city, but over time it became multinational. It got its name from the Bir River, which the Tatars called "Bire Sui" - "Wolf Water".

In 1774, the Birsk fortress was taken and burned by the army of Salavat Yulaev, an ally of Pugachev. After the end of the Peasants' War, it was rebuilt. In 1781 it received the status of a county town. Birsk changed its "registration" to the provinces more than once: since 1708 it belonged to the Kazan province, from 1719 to the Ufa province, and from 1796 to the Orenburg province. Now it is located on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The inhabitants were engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, trade. There were also handicrafts. Before the revolution, the city had a theater, three libraries, three churches, a Birsk foreign teacher's school, a county and 2 parish men's schools, a women's gymnasium, a hospital, and 68 trading shops.

In 1824, Emperor Alexander I visited Birsk. During the Great Patriotic War, the famous composer G.V. Sviridov.

In 1922-1930, Birsk was the center of the Birsk canton of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and from August 20, 1930 - the Birsk region.

Enterprises

• Birsk ATP
• Enterprise "Vodokanal"
• Enterprise "Teploset"
• Birsk alcohol and vodka plant - branch of PJSC "Bashspirt"
• OOO "Spektr" on the basis of the former factory of drawing instruments "Orgtekhnika"
• PTO Birsk - branch of Bashtekhkontrol LLC
• OJSC "Karphleb - Sweet Bread"
• Birsk Interdistrict Branch of FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Bashkortostan"

Attractions

• The house of the merchant Morozova. The house was built in 1910 in the style of classicism. It is located at the intersection of International and Communist streets (before the Revolution - Millionnaya and Bolshaya Ilyinskaya). The building housed shops for manufactured goods, groceries, and colonial goods. Like all merchant houses and other buildings, her house was also nationalized by the Bolsheviks, who came to power in 1917. Since 1918, various institutions have been located in her house. In 1940-1950 there was a printing house on the first floor. Until recently, the faculty of foreign languages ​​of the Birsk branch of the Belarusian State University. It is said that this is the best preserved house from the inside. There is even a tiled stove.
• Birsk Matrosov Park. "Hundred meters"
• Birsk cinema "Aurora". In 1932, a cinema called Roskino was opened in Birsk. Silent films were shown there accompanied by piano playing. The pianist was Gennady Zuev. Two years later (1934) came the cinema with sound. The first film in the city, shown on the screen with sound, was the picture "Start in Life" (1931, in fact, it was the country's first sound film).
• Birsk Historical Museum. The modern museum in Birsk has existed since 1990, but the history of museum work in the city began long before that and has more than a hundred years. Since 2014, the museum has been hosting its visitors in a new building. Its exposition is dedicated to the history of Birsk from the 17th century to the present day.
• Birsk airfield. In the postwar years, air traffic began to develop in Birsk. The airfield was built in 1955. Light aviation aircraft carried out passenger transportation to Ufa, Sterlitamak and a number of other settlements. Passenger service in Birsk existed in the 1950s and 1960s. Then it was liquidated due to unprofitability and the development of the bus service. The airfield continued to operate until the mid-1980s, receiving agricultural aircraft from Ufa and acting as a refueling and service point.
• Station without railroad.

Settlements of the Birsky District

• Aibashevo
• Aigildino
• Akkainovo
• Akudi
• Akudibashevo
• Aleksandrovka
• Andreevka
• Bazhenovo
• Bakhtybaevo
• Bekmurzino
• Berezovka
• Upper Lachentau
• Voznesenka
• Viazovsky
• Demidovsky
• Desyatkino
• Emashevo
• Green
• Zuevo
• Kalinniki
• Kamyshinka
• Kandakovka
• Kostarevo
• Koyanovo
• kriushi
• bodywork
• Kusekeyevo
• Lezhebokovo
• Ray
• Malosukhoyazovo
• Mansurovo
• Mayadykovo
• Mordvinovka
• Nizhnelachentau
• Nikolayevka
• Nikolsky
• Novobaishevo
• Novobiktimirovo
• Novoburnovo
• Novodesyatkino
• Novokulchubaevo
• Novopetrovo
• Novoyantuzovo
• Osinovka
• Penkovo
• Pechenkino
• Pioneer
• Pityakovo
• Ponomarevka
• Popovka
• Romanovka
• self planting
• Silantevo
• Simkino
• Sorvikha
• Pine
• Bor
• Srednebazanovo
• Starobazanovo
• Starobiktimirovo
• Staroburnovo
• Staroezhovo
• Staropetrovo
• Starcino
• Suslovo
• Tartyshevo
• Uguzevo
• Uzhara
• Uleevo
• Urniak
• Usakovo
• Chistye Prudy
• Chishma
• Chishma
• Shamsutdin
• Shelkanovo
• Shestykovo
• Yangitau

WOL Games

Including BattleCity.io WOL games (Signature) and 3rd party games (Game-builders).

Signature games - BattleCity.io WOL Games

• MU of Heroes
• Legends of Tank

Tokens

• The security token (WOL)
• The in-game currency (KEN)

NFT Marketplace

The NFT Marketplace (aka BattleCity.io Marketplace) will be released in the third quarter of 2022. The BattleCity.io marketplace is a place where users can trade, buy and sell minted items from WOL games (MU of Heroes, Legends of Tank and future games) using WOL.

VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT

Initially, BattleCity.io provides a fun and profitable experience for players, to create a healthy and excited community around blockchain gaming and build a sustainable BattleCity.io’s ecosystem of [PLAY for JOY] - [EARN for FUN] – [OWN for REAL] = (“Play To Earn”) for all game-players around the world.

In light of the strategic development and community ideas, BattleCity.io offers blockchain technology to create a sustainable ecosystem to support game developers (including game studios or individual game developers) who operate on Binance Smart Chain.

The platform offers its mechanism to transform traditional games to become GameFi projects and an NFT Marketplace (BattleCity.io Marketplace) to support game-players to be able to play and earn via multiple games, participate and trade NFTs in player-owned economies via network governance and consensus.

TEAM

The team consists of 40 full-time employees and has its headquarters in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The subject of the Russian Federation, named after the indigenous people - the Bashkirs. The Republic is located in the southern part of the Ural Mountains, on the border of Europe and Asia. Bashkortostan is part of the Volga Federal District.

Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Republic (the first national autonomy in Russia) was established on March 23, 1919.

On October 11, 1990, in connection with the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty, it was transformed into the Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic - Bashkortostan. Since February 25, 1992, the republic has a modern name - the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Geographic location and climate

Bashkortostan is characterized by a variety of natural conditions and resources. The rolling hilly plains of the Bashkir Cis-Urals occupy 2/3 of the area of ​​the republic, the mountainous Bashkir (Southern) Urals - more than 1/4, and the ridge-small hilly strip of the Bashkir Trans-Urals - more than 1/10.The climate of the republic is continental, with humid, warm summers and moderately severe winters.

The flora and fauna is a variegated mixture of the Volga-Kama, Ural and Siberian-Kazakhstan species. The territory of Bashkortostan is included within four geographical zones of the temperate zone: mixed forests, broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppe zones. It is characteristic that these zones, under the influence of the relief, clearly deviate from the latitudinal direction, shifting far to the south, as a result of which the differences in the soil and vegetation cover are more pronounced from west to east than when moving from north to south. A significant role in this is played by the Ural Mountains, which stretch in a wide strip from the northern to the southern border of the republic. They predetermine the penetration of the forest zone far to the south, into the depths of the forest-steppes and steppes. Forests cover more than one third of the territory of the republic. Chernozem occupies 73 percent of the steppe and 31 percent of the forest-steppe zone. There are more than 13 thousand rivers and 2.7 thousand lakes, ponds and reservoirs in the republic.

In the Bashkir (South) Urals, the climate, soils and vegetation show a pronounced altitudinal zonality, where natural landscapes change from steppes and forest-steppes in the foothills and low foothills to spruce-fir taiga at altitudes from 600 to 1000-1100 m of the bald belt at the highest mountain tops (up to 1600 m and more). On the ridged-hilly plains of the Bashkir Cis-Urals, penetration to the north along low-lying surfaces and wide river valleys of landscapes of the southern | type is observed: the forest-steppe zone within the forest (Tanypskaya and Mesyagutovskaya forest-steppe) and the steppe - into the depths of the forest-steppe (Demsko-Chermasansky steppe corridor).In the Bashkir Trans-Urals, the natural landscape has an appearance characteristic of the southern strip of Western Siberia and the northern part of Kazakhstan.

The territory of Bashkortostan is located in the depths of the mainland, and the air masses that form over the Atlantic come here changed. From the north, the republic is widely open to the influence of the Arctic Ocean, from the south - to the influence of the arid regions of Kazakhstan and the Caspian lowland. The Ural Mountains do not prevent the penetration of cold air masses of Siberia in winter.

The territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan is located within the basins of the Volga, Ural and Ob rivers. The republic's water resources are made up of the amount of water coming from adjacent territories (Chelyabinsk, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg regions and the Republic of Tatarstan), as well as resources formed within the republic itself.

History

Bashkortostan has gone through a long and difficult path of historical development. The Bashkirs are one of the ancient peoples of Eurasia, formed in the Southern Urals as an independent ethnic group in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e.

The first written references to individual tribes that became part of the Bashkir people are found in the writings of Herodotus (5th century BC). The map of Ptolemy (2nd century AD) shows the river. Daiks (now the Ural River). Valuable information is contained in Op. Sallam Tarjeman (9th century) and Ahmed ibn Fadlan (10th century); al-Balkhi (10th century) wrote about the Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups, one of which lived in the Southern Urals, the other near the Danube, near the borders of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste noted that the Bashkirs are "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural Range between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper course of the Yaik."

Numerous historical legends have been preserved that in the distant past the basis of the Bashkir ethnos was a stable union of seven tribes, and state formations were headed by Bashkort Khan, Muiten Biy, Maiky Biy, Myasem Khan, Dzhalykhan. It is no coincidence that the Arab authors of the end of the first millennium A.D. e. Sallam Tarjeman, Ahmed ibn Fadlan, Jeyhani, Abu-zayid Al Balkhi and others wrote about the Bashkirs as a large ethnic group living in the South Urals for a long time.

Since the 10th century, Islam has spread among the Bashkirs, which became the dominant religion in the 14th century and was one of the main factors in the preservation of the Bashkir ethnos.

In 1574, the city of Ufa, the administrative center of the region and the future capital of Bashkortostan, was founded on the site of an ancient Bashkir settlement.The history of Bashkortostan is the history of the indigenous inhabitants of the Bashkirs, as well as those who moved to this region during the 17th-20th centuries. Russians, Tatars, Mishars, Maris, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Mordovians, Ukrainians and other peoples of Russia.

The unions of the Bashkir tribes at the end of the millennium began to gradually develop into early states. In the X-XI centuries. they have developed a certain socio-economic and political way of life.

An important feature of the history of the Bashkirs is that for many centuries they lived in the neighborhood or as part of fairly large state formations, such as the Turkic Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Desht-i-Kypchak, the Bulgar Khanate, the Golden Horde, which negatively affected their political consolidation and forced to seek, along with the struggle against them, other forms of preserving ethnic and territorial integrity, national identity.

State structure

State power in the Republic of Bashkortostan is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial.

State power in the Republic of Bashkortostan is exercised by the State Assembly - the Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan, local authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan, courts of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The highest and only legislative (representative) body of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the State Assembly - the Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan consists of 110 deputies and is elected for a term of five years.

The highest official of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The head of the Republic of Bashkortostan represents the Republic of Bashkortostan in relations with the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, other federal government bodies, government bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, local authorities, public associations, other organizations and officials and in the implementation of international and foreign economic relations.

The term of office of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan is five years.The supreme executive body of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan, headed by the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is formed by the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan and consists of Deputy Prime Ministers of the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan, ministers, chairmen of state committees and heads of departments of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Judicial power in the Republic of Bashkortostan is exercised by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Bashkortostan, federal courts and justices of the peace.

In the Republic of Bashkortostan, local self-government is recognized and guaranteed, which ensures the independent solution of local issues by the population, possession, use and disposal of municipal property.

Local self-government bodies independently manage municipal property, within their competence form, approve and execute the local budget, establish local taxes and fees, maintain public order, and also resolve other issues of local importance. The structure of local self-government bodies is determined by the population independently.