Arina Teplaya

BitMEX is a cryptocurrency exchange and derivative trading platform. It is owned and operated by HDR Global Trading Limited, which is registered in the Seychelles and has offices worldwide.

BitMEX was founded in 2014 by Arthur Hayes, Ben Delo, and Samuel Reed, with financing from family and friends. In 2016, the exchange introduced perpetual futures, which became its most popular derivative product. In 2018, Delo became the United Kingdom's first billionaire from bitcoin, and its youngest self-made billionaire.

In July 2019, Nouriel Roubini, a critic of cryptocurrencies, suggested that the exchange is involved in illegal activities, allowing traders to take on too much risk and by trading against clients. Two days later, it was reported by Bloomberg that the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) was investigating BitMEX as to whether they broke rules by allowing Americans to trade on the platform.

On October 1, 2020, Hayes, Reed, Delo, and Gregory Dwyer were indicted on charges of violating the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act and conspiracy to violate that law, arising from allegations that the four failed to implement anti-money laundering measures. As of 6 October 2020, Reed had been arrested and Hayes and Delo had not been arrested. The case name is "U.S. v. Hayes et al", case number of 20-cr-00500, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.

On April 6, 2021, former BitMEX CEO Arthur Hayes turned himself in to face U.S. charges for violating the Bank Secrecy Act. He was released on $10 million bond pending future court proceedings in New York.

Arthur Hayes, Ben Delo, Samuel Reed, and Gregory Dwyer are scheduled for a trial date set for March 28, 2022, by U.S. District Court Judge John George Koeltl in New York.

Osteospermum /ˌɒstiəˈspɜːrməm, -tioʊ-/, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies.

Osteospermum used to belong to the genus Dimorphotheca, but only the annual species remain in that genus; the perennials belong to Osteospermum.[citation needed] The genus Osteospermum is also closely related to the small genus Chrysanthemoides, such as C. incana and C. monilifera.

The scientific name is derived from the Greek osteon (bone) and Latin spermum (seed). It has been given several common names: African daisy, South African daisy, Cape daisy and blue-eyed daisy.

Their alternate (rarely opposite) leaves are green, but some variegated forms exist. The leaf form is lanceolate. The leaf margin is entire, but hardy types are toothed.

The daisy-like composite flower consists of disc florets and ray florets, growing singly at the end of branches or sometimes in inflorescences of terminal corymbose cymes. The disc florets are pseudo-bisexual and come in several colors such as blue, yellow and purple. The hardy types usually show a dark blue center in the disc until the yellow pollen is shed. The ray florets are female and are found diverse colors such as white, cream, pink, purple, mauve to yellow. Some cultivars have "spooned" petals such as "Pink Whirls". Many species flower a second time late summer, stimulated by the cooler night temperatures. Hardy types show profuse flowering in the spring, but they do not get a second flush of flowers.

Osteospermum acanthospermum

Osteospermum amplectens

Osteospermum attenuatum

Osteospermum australe

Osteospermum barberiae

Osteospermum breviradiatum Norl. — Lemoenboegoe

Osteospermum burttianum

Osteospermum calendulaceum L.f. — Stinking Roger (synonym of Oligocarpus calendulaceus)

Osteospermum caulescens

Osteospermum clandestinum — (synonym of Tripteris clandestina)

Osteospermum dentatum

Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl. — Cape marguerite, blue-and-white daisybush

Osteospermum fruticosum (L.) Norl. — Trailing African daisy, shrubby daisybush

Osteospermum grandidentatum — Yellow trailing daisy

Osteospermum grandiflorum

Osteospermum hyoseroides

Osteospermum imbricatum

Osteospermum jucundum (E.Phillips) Norl. — South African daisy (now a synonym of Dimorphotheca jucunda E.Phillips)

Osteospermum microphyllum

Osteospermum monocephalum (Oliv. & Hiern) Norl.

Osteospermum muricatum E.Mey. ex DC.

Osteospermum oppositifolium — (synonym of Tripteris oppositifolia)

Osteospermum pinnatum

Osteospermum polygaloides

Osteospermum potbergense A.R.Wood & B.Nord.

Osteospermum rigidum

Osteospermum rotundifolium

Osteospermum sinuatum (DC.) Norl. — (synonym of Tripteris sinuata)

Osteospermum spinescens

Osteospermum subulatum DC.

Osteospermum tomentosum (L.f.) B.Nord.

Osteospermum triquetrum L.f.

Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne.) Norl.

A phylogenetic study has revealed that several changes had to be made to this genus:

• Osteospermum section Blaxium belongs in the genus Dimorphotheca
• the subgenus Tripteris had to be separated from Osteospermum
• the genus Oligocarpus has to be separated from Osteospermum
• Osteospermum sanctae-helenae, endemic to St. Helena, belongs to Oligocarpus.

New species are still being discovered, such as O. australe, O. burttianum and O. potbergense.

There are about 70 species native to southern and eastern Africa and the Arabian peninsula.

Osteospermum are popular in cultivation, where they are frequently used in summer bedding schemes in parks and gardens. Numerous hybrids and cultivars have been grown with a wide range of tropical colors. Yellow cultivars tend to have a yellow center (sometimes off-white).

Plants prefer a warm and sunny position and rich soil, although they tolerate poor soil, salt or drought well. Modern cultivars flower continuously when watered and fertilised well, and dead-heading is not necessary, because they do not set seed easily. If planted in a container, soil should be prevented from drying out completely. If they do, the plants will go into "sleep mode" and survive the period of drought, but they will abort their flower buds and not easily come back into flower. Moreover, roots are relatively susceptible to rotting if watered too profusely after the dry period.

Most widely sold cultivars are grown as annuals, are mainly hybrids of O. jucundum, O. ecklonis and O. grandiflorum and can be hardy to -2 °C (30 °F). If hardy, they can be grown as perennials or as shrubs.

Cultivars (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):

'Acapulco'

'African Queen'

'Apricot'

'Biera'

'Big Pink'

‘Blackthorn Seedling’ agm

'Bodegas Pink'

'Buttermilk' agm

'Chris Brickell'

'Duet'

'Giles Gilbey'

'Hopleys’ agm

'Ice White'

'Langtrees agm

’Lady Leitrim’ agm

'Lilac Spoon'

'Marbella'

'Merriments Joy'

'Nairobi Purple'

O. jucundum agm

'Passion Mix'

'Pink'

'Pink Beauty'

'Pink Whirls' agm

'Silver Sparkler' agm

'Soprano'

'Starshine'

'Springstar Gemma'

'Sunkist'

'Weetwood'

'White Pim' agm

'White Spoon'

'White Whirls'

'Whirlygig'

Snowpiercer (French: Le Transperceneige, French: [lə tʁɑ̃s.pɛʁs.nɛʒ]) is a post-apocalyptic, climate fiction graphic novel first published in French by Casterman and created by Jacques Lob and Jean-Marc Rochette. The graphic novel was first published in 1982 under the title Le Transperceneige and later retitled The Escape. The series was continued in two volumes by writer Benjamin Legrand, replacing Jacques Lob, with The Explorers published in 1999 and The Crossing in 2000. A fourth volume, Terminus, was written by Olivier Bocquet and published in 2015, as a conclusion to the series.

An English translation was released in 2014 by Titan Comics, consisting of two volumes: Snowpiercer: The Escape and Snowpiercer: The Explorers (which also contains The Crossing). A third volume, Terminus, was released in 2016, followed by a prequel series in 2019. The graphic novel became internationally popular following its adaptation as a 2013 film and a television series (2020–present).

After an environmental catastrophe induces an ice age, humanity occupies a 1,001-car train called the Snowpiercer. As the story begins, a man named Proloff is quarantined after escaping from the rearmost cars, and is joined by a woman named Adeline Belleau: herself part of a movement to integrate the members of the back railway cars, who live in squalid conditions, into the rest of the train. Trying to rescue Proloff, Belleau is placed under quarantine with him. The two are eventually called to meet Colonel Krimson, passing through several different cars of the train. As they advance, Proloff and Belleau observe fresh fruit, vegetables, and meat, luxuries which they believed extinct.

Krimson explains to Proloff and Belleau that the Snowpiercer has begun to slow down, and asks Proloff and Belleau's assistance in advancing the occupants of the rear of the train, to enable the rear cars' disconnection. Belleau and the members of her group agree, but Proloff learns that Krimson intends to disconnect the rear cars while his friends are aboard them. After warning Belleau's friends, Belleau and Proloff flee to the front of the train, pursued by the military. At the same time a virus, ostensibly spread by Proloff, is infecting others aboard the train, and the healthy advance to the front.

Before reaching the engine of the Snowpiercer, Proloff breaks all the windows in the final car for unknown reasons. Belleau dies of the cold while Proloff is rescued by Alec Forrester, the engineer behind the Snowpiercer, who appoints him caretaker of 'Olga', the engine. As they are talking, the rear cars are disconnected. Proloff replaces Forrester as Olga's guardian, but realizes that the virus has killed everyone else on board and that his own days are numbered as the train cannot run forever.

After losing contact with the Snowpiercer, those aboard a second train, Icebreaker, fear a collision. Several explorers are sent on a braking exercise, where they stop the train. Only one explorer returns alive, and soon disappears. Seventeen years later, Puig Vallès joins one of the now semi-regular braking exercises to avoid collision with the Snowpiercer. Puig disobeys orders during the braking exercise, so in retaliation he is falsely accused of murdering one of his fellow explorers. He is sentenced to fly a small plane on what is deemed a suicidal scouting mission. Puig flies ahead of the train and spots a downed bridge and warns the train, but the council wants him dead and refuse to allow him to return and land his plane. Puig threatens to crash his plane into the train and derail it, while his lover Val broadcasts footage to everyone aboard the train. Their efforts force the council to spin the event such that Puig is now hailed as a hero for saving the train.

It is then revealed to Puig that during the first braking exercise, the Icebreaker actually hit Snowpiercer, and its engine was brought aboard. The sole surviving explorer has since been tending to the engine along with Proloff, who only talks to the engine. The council maintains the myth that the Snowpiercer is out of control and still circling the world, to control the populace with fear.

The train detects a radio signal originating from across the frozen ocean. Puig decides to follow the radio music to its source, and it is revealed that the train can travel off the tracks by mounting caterpillar treads. Living standards deteriorate aboard the train, culminating in a failed but disastrous revolt where many people are killed, and numerous cars and resources are destroyed, making living conditions unsustainable. The train finally crosses the frozen ocean and reaches the source of the music, but the explorers are devastated to discover there are no people -- only an automated signal.

With no more heat or food on the train, the passengers of the Icebreaker rebel and elect Laura Lewis as their new leader. Puig learns that Val is pregnant, and his explorers seek the source of the radio station's power. They discover the radio station is actually the top floor of a skyscraper and the ground floor is a train station. They turn on beacons which allow the Icebreaker to crash into the station, providing shelter but trapping and critically damaging the train in the process. Laura has Puig arrested, as she holds him responsible for the fateful decision to cross the ocean and the train's eventual destruction.

While exploring the station, the passengers are seized by people wearing mice masks. The passengers are given food, but put in quarantine and inoculated for disease. The passengers are permitted to join the mice community, but are forced to be barcoded and blood-tested, and children and pregnant women are taken away for "special treatment." Val uses a distraction to barcode herself and avoid a blood test, which would expose her pregnancy. It is revealed that the compound is a hybrid research laboratory and amusement park named Future Land. Its deranged founders, the "switchmen", have prolonged their life by using the stem cells of babies, and used the radio signal to lure all the other trains to them: There were ten perpetual trains, of which Icebreaker was the last of seven that successfully reached the station. It is further revealed that the switchmen have neutered all the mice and perform genetic experiments on fetuses and babies, in a misguided attempt to engineer a perfect human species. Laura betrays Val, who is taken to the switchmen.

While this was happening, Puig escaped his captivity and recovered with the engineer's aid. Under disguise as a mouse, Puig uncovers that the nuclear plant which powers the compound is leaking and slowly killing the population. Puig reunites with Tom (the former radarist), Val and the other explorers, and together they free the children and animals that are held in captivity. They return to the Icebreaker, which the engineer has repaired, but are confronted by armed mice. Puig describes the situation and appeals to them to join him and the other passengers, and many of the mice defect.

The story ends in the future: Hunters have just killed a killer whale, and as Puig dies of old age, a glimpse of flowers growing out of a patch of thawed earth is shown.

Explores the events leading up to The Escape. Written by Matz (Alexis Nolent) and illustrated by Jean-Marc Rochette

Part 1: Extinction

This volume is set before the mass extinction event that caused the ice age.

Part 2: Apocalypse

This volume is set days after the extinction event.

Part 3: Annihilation

This volume is set a short time after the extinction event and after Part 2.

Korean director Bong Joon-ho adapted the graphic novel to the cinema as Snowpiercer, which was originally released in 2013. It was released the following year in the United States.[5][6]

A Snowpiercer television series was developed with Josh Friedman writing and Bong as executive producer.[7] In November 2016, TNT ordered a series pilot episode from Tomorrow Studios.[8] In May 2017 it was reported that Daveed Diggs would star in the series and Scott Derrickson would direct the pilot and executive produce the series.[9] Derrickson filmed a feature-length pilot episode but refused to do the extreme reshoots requested by the new showrunner who wanted to take the show in a different direction. The series debuted on TNT on May 17, 2020.