Person attributes
Biography of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
Sixty years ago, on March 5, 1953, the Soviet party, state and military leader Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died.
Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (real name Dzhugashvili) was born on December 21 (old style 9) December 1879 (according to other sources, December 18 (old style 6), 1878), in the Georgian city of Gori in the family of a shoemaker.
After graduating from the Gorovsky Theological School in 1894, Stalin studied at the Tiflis Theological Seminary, from where he was expelled for revolutionary activities in 1899. A year earlier, Iosif Dzhugashvili headed the Georgian Social Democratic organization Mesame-dasi. Since 1901 he has been a professional revolutionary. At the same time, the party nickname “Stalin” was assigned to him (for his inner circle he had a different nickname - “Koba”). From 1902 to 1913, he was detained and deported six times, and fled four times.
When in 1903 (at the Second Congress of the RSDLP) the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Stalin supported the leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin, and on his behalf joined many networks of underground Marxist circles in the Caucasus.
In 1906-1907, Joseph Stalin participated in a series of expropriations in the Transcaucasus. In 1907 he was one of the reports of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP.
In 1912, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, Stalin was introduced in absentia to the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Participated in the creation of the newspapers "Pravda", "Star".
In 1913, Stalin published an article entitled "Marxism and the National Question". In July 1913 he was offended and exiled to the Turukhansk region. In 1916, he was declared unfit for military service.
Since March 1917, he participated in the preparation and presence of the October Revolution: he was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), was a member of the Military Revolutionary Center for managing an armed uprising. In 1917–1922 served as People's Commissar for International Affairs.
During the civil war, he carried out the responsible instructions of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Soviet prescription; was a member of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council (RVS) of the Republic, a member of the RVS of the Southern, Western and Southwestern fronts.
When on April 3, 1922, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) a new position was established - the General Secretary of the Central Committee, Stalin was elected the first Secretary General.
This initially purely technical post was used and turned by Stalin into a post with tension. Its hidden strength lay in the fact that it was the general secretary who appointed the lower party data, due to the fact that Stalin personally lost the most in the middle link of the party members. In 1929, his 50th anniversary was for the first time adopted on a state scale. Stalin remained in the position of General Secretary until the end of his life (since 1922 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), since December 1925 - the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, since 1934 - Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, since 1952 - the CPSU).
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After Lenin's death, Stalin declared himself the successor of his calm leader's work and teachings. He proclaimed a course towards "building socialism in one single country." At the beginning of 1925, at the XIV Conference of the RCP(b), a new theoretical and political orientation was officially enshrined. Stalin, quoting a number of Lenin's statements of various years, emphasized that it was Lenin, and not anyone else, who discovered the truth about the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country.
Stalin carried out the forced industrialization of the country and the intensive collectivization of peasant farms, which was practically completed by March 1930. The kulaks were liquidated as a class. The department of the general registry of the OGPU in the certificate of the eviction of kulaks accounts for the number of special settlers in 517,665 families with a population of 2,437,062 people. The death toll during resettlement in areas poorly adapted for living is estimated at at least 200,000 people.
In foreign policy, Stalin adhered to the line of resistance with the "capitalist encirclement" and support for the international communication and labor movement.
By the mid-1930s, Stalin had concentrated all the full power of state power in his hands and, in fact, became the sole leader of the Soviet people. The old party leaders - Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Rykov and others, who were part of the anti-Stalinist opposition, were gradually expelled from the party, and then physically destroyed as "enemies of the people." In the second half of the 1930s, a regime of the most severe terror was established in the country, which reached its climax in 1937-1938. The search for and destruction of "enemies of the people" affected not only the highest party bodies and the army, but also broad sections of Soviet society. Millions of Soviet citizens were illegally repressed on far-fetched, unsubstantiated charges of espionage, sabotage, and sabotage; exiled to camps or executed in the cellars of the NKVD.
With the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, Stalin concentrated all political and military power in his hands as Chairman of the State Defense Committee (June 30, 1941 - September 4, 1945) and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR. At the same time, he took the post of People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR (July 19, 1941 - March 15, 1946; from February 25, 1946 - People's Commissar of the USSR Armed Forces) and was directly involved in drawing up plans for military operations.
During the war, Joseph Stalin, together with US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, initiated the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition. He represented the USSR in negotiations with countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition (Tehran, 1943; Yalta, 1945; Potsdam, 1945).
After the end of the war, during which the Soviet army liberated most of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, Stalin became the ideologist and practitioner of creating the "world socialist system", which was one of the main factors in the emergence of the Cold War and the military-political confrontation between the USSR and the USA .
June 27, 1945 Stalin was awarded the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.
On March 19, 1946, during the restructuring of the Soviet government apparatus, Stalin was approved as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
After the end of the war in 1945, the regime of Stalinist terror resumed. Totalitarian control over society was again established. Under the pretext of fighting "cosmopolitanism," Stalin carried out one purge after another, and anti-Semitism actively flourished.
However, Soviet industry developed rapidly, and by the beginning of the 1950s, the level of industrial production was already 2 times higher than the level of 1940. The standard of living of the rural population remained extremely low.
Stalin paid special attention to improving the defense capability of the Soviet Union and the technical re-equipment of the army and navy. He was one of the main initiators of the implementation of the Soviet "atomic project", which contributed to the transformation of the USSR into one of the two "superpowers".
Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953, according to a medical report, from an extensive cerebral hemorrhage. The farewell to the body of the General Secretary, which was exhibited on March 6, 1953 in the Hall of Columns of the House of the Unions, lasted three days. On March 9, the sarcophagus with his body was installed in the Mausoleum next to Lenin's sarcophagus.
