Republic of Bashkortostan

The subject of the Russian Federation, named after the indigenous people - the Bashkirs. The Republic is located in the southern part of the Ural Mountains, on the border of Europe and Asia. Bashkortostan is part of the Volga Federal District.

Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Republic (the first national autonomy in Russia) was established on March 23, 1919.

On October 11, 1990, in connection with the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty, it was transformed into the Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic - Bashkortostan. Since February 25, 1992, the republic has a modern name - the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Geographic location and climate

Bashkortostan is characterized by a variety of natural conditions and resources. The rolling hilly plains of the Bashkir Cis-Urals occupy 2/3 of the area of ​​the republic, the mountainous Bashkir (Southern) Urals - more than 1/4, and the ridge-small hilly strip of the Bashkir Trans-Urals - more than 1/10.The climate of the republic is continental, with humid, warm summers and moderately severe winters.

The flora and fauna is a variegated mixture of the Volga-Kama, Ural and Siberian-Kazakhstan species. The territory of Bashkortostan is included within four geographical zones of the temperate zone: mixed forests, broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppe zones. It is characteristic that these zones, under the influence of the relief, clearly deviate from the latitudinal direction, shifting far to the south, as a result of which the differences in the soil and vegetation cover are more pronounced from west to east than when moving from north to south. A significant role in this is played by the Ural Mountains, which stretch in a wide strip from the northern to the southern border of the republic. They predetermine the penetration of the forest zone far to the south, into the depths of the forest-steppes and steppes. Forests cover more than one third of the territory of the republic. Chernozem occupies 73 percent of the steppe and 31 percent of the forest-steppe zone. There are more than 13 thousand rivers and 2.7 thousand lakes, ponds and reservoirs in the republic.

In the Bashkir (South) Urals, the climate, soils and vegetation show a pronounced altitudinal zonality, where natural landscapes change from steppes and forest-steppes in the foothills and low foothills to spruce-fir taiga at altitudes from 600 to 1000-1100 m of the bald belt at the highest mountain tops (up to 1600 m and more). On the ridged-hilly plains of the Bashkir Cis-Urals, penetration to the north along low-lying surfaces and wide river valleys of landscapes of the southern | type is observed: the forest-steppe zone within the forest (Tanypskaya and Mesyagutovskaya forest-steppe) and the steppe - into the depths of the forest-steppe (Demsko-Chermasansky steppe corridor).In the Bashkir Trans-Urals, the natural landscape has an appearance characteristic of the southern strip of Western Siberia and the northern part of Kazakhstan.

The territory of Bashkortostan is located in the depths of the mainland, and the air masses that form over the Atlantic come here changed. From the north, the republic is widely open to the influence of the Arctic Ocean, from the south - to the influence of the arid regions of Kazakhstan and the Caspian lowland. The Ural Mountains do not prevent the penetration of cold air masses of Siberia in winter.

The territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan is located within the basins of the Volga, Ural and Ob rivers. The republic's water resources are made up of the amount of water coming from adjacent territories (Chelyabinsk, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg regions and the Republic of Tatarstan), as well as resources formed within the republic itself.

History

Bashkortostan has gone through a long and difficult path of historical development. The Bashkirs are one of the ancient peoples of Eurasia, formed in the Southern Urals as an independent ethnic group in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e.

The first written references to individual tribes that became part of the Bashkir people are found in the writings of Herodotus (5th century BC). The map of Ptolemy (2nd century AD) shows the river. Daiks (now the Ural River). Valuable information is contained in Op. Sallam Tarjeman (9th century) and Ahmed ibn Fadlan (10th century); al-Balkhi (10th century) wrote about the Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups, one of which lived in the Southern Urals, the other near the Danube, near the borders of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste noted that the Bashkirs are "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural Range between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper course of the Yaik."

Numerous historical legends have been preserved that in the distant past the basis of the Bashkir ethnos was a stable union of seven tribes, and state formations were headed by Bashkort Khan, Muiten Biy, Maiky Biy, Myasem Khan, Dzhalykhan. It is no coincidence that the Arab authors of the end of the first millennium A.D. e. Sallam Tarjeman, Ahmed ibn Fadlan, Jeyhani, Abu-zayid Al Balkhi and others wrote about the Bashkirs as a large ethnic group living in the South Urals for a long time.

Since the 10th century, Islam has spread among the Bashkirs, which became the dominant religion in the 14th century and was one of the main factors in the preservation of the Bashkir ethnos.

In 1574, the city of Ufa, the administrative center of the region and the future capital of Bashkortostan, was founded on the site of an ancient Bashkir settlement.The history of Bashkortostan is the history of the indigenous inhabitants of the Bashkirs, as well as those who moved to this region during the 17th-20th centuries. Russians, Tatars, Mishars, Maris, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Mordovians, Ukrainians and other peoples of Russia.

The unions of the Bashkir tribes at the end of the millennium began to gradually develop into early states. In the X-XI centuries. they have developed a certain socio-economic and political way of life.

An important feature of the history of the Bashkirs is that for many centuries they lived in the neighborhood or as part of fairly large state formations, such as the Turkic Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate, Desht-i-Kypchak, the Bulgar Khanate, the Golden Horde, which negatively affected their political consolidation and forced to seek, along with the struggle against them, other forms of preserving ethnic and territorial integrity, national identity.

State structure

State power in the Republic of Bashkortostan is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial.

State power in the Republic of Bashkortostan is exercised by the State Assembly - the Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan, local authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan, courts of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The highest and only legislative (representative) body of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the State Assembly - the Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan consists of 110 deputies and is elected for a term of five years.

The highest official of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The head of the Republic of Bashkortostan represents the Republic of Bashkortostan in relations with the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, other federal government bodies, government bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, local authorities, public associations, other organizations and officials and in the implementation of international and foreign economic relations.

The term of office of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan is five years.The supreme executive body of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan, headed by the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is formed by the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan and consists of Deputy Prime Ministers of the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan, ministers, chairmen of state committees and heads of departments of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Judicial power in the Republic of Bashkortostan is exercised by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Bashkortostan, federal courts and justices of the peace.

In the Republic of Bashkortostan, local self-government is recognized and guaranteed, which ensures the independent solution of local issues by the population, possession, use and disposal of municipal property.

Local self-government bodies independently manage municipal property, within their competence form, approve and execute the local budget, establish local taxes and fees, maintain public order, and also resolve other issues of local importance. The structure of local self-government bodies is determined by the population independently.